Machiavelli: The Realist Essay

Political realism did not become a popular concept until it was discussed by Niccolà ² Machiavelli, making him one of the most influential philosophers. According to another philosopher, Francis Bacon, Machiavelli was â€Å"the founder of a new, objective science of politics, concerned not with what should be, but with what is, not with hopes and fears, but with practical realities† (Wootton XXXVII). Machiavelli’s handbook for princes, titled The Prince, takes the world as it is and gives advice through the discussion of real world examples. Max Lerner, the deceased American journalist, once stated, â€Å"May I venture a guess as to the reason why we still shudder slightly at Machiavelli’s name†¦ It is our recognition that the realities he describes are realities; that men, whether in politics, in business, or in private life, do not act according to their professions of virtue.† When people read Machiavelli’s text they are astounded by some of his remarks. However, he persistently uses examples to validate that what he is saying. Although people may not want to accept his comments, he is merely making observations. Throughout his handbook, it is made evident that Machiavelli is indeed a realist. Throughout his handbook, Machiavelli makes it evident that he is indeed a realist through his examination of why a commitment to integrity and virtue is not possible for successful leadership, but deception, cruelty, and war are essential. The essential perception of reporting what actually occurs is expressed by Machiavelli. In explaining his purpose for writing The Prince, he states, â€Å"But my hope is to write a book that will be useful, at least to those who read it intelligently, and so I thought it sensible to go straight to a discussion of how things are in real life and not waste time with a discussion of an imaginary world† (Machiavelli 48). Unlike most other philosophers, Machiavelli does not believe in creating a utopia. He prefers to state the truth and make conclusions based on real events, which is exactly what he does throughout the text. According to Machiavelli: Many authors have constructed imaginary republics and principalities that have never existed in practice and never could; for the gap between how people actually behave and how they ought to behave is so great that anyone who ignores everyday reality in order to live up to an ideal will soon discover he has been taught how to destroy himself, not how to preserve himself. (Machiavelli 48) Machiavelli uses examples from the present time as well as the past to illustrate his advice for the princes. For example, Machiavelli refers to a contemporary Italian prince, whom he feels is a model of the ideal prince, on several occasions. His name is Cesare Borgia, the son of Pope Alexander VI. One time Machiavelli refers to him is when discussing individuals who acquire principalities through fortune. Instead of creating a hypothetical situation in which a person receives principalities through luck and making up possible outcomes, Machiavelli directly cites Borgia who received land from his father. He asserts, â€Å"Cesare Borgia, who was called Duke Valentino by the common people, acquired his state thanks to the good fortune of his father, and when that came to an end he lost it† (Machiavelli 22). By using real occurrences, Machiavelli’s advice becomes more convincing. The people know that he is basing his guidance on events which have actually taken place, and therefore they accept more of what he has to say. Machiavelli’s criticism of human nature is infamous for the obvious reason that he bashes humans. The words he uses to describe humans all have a negative connotation. While they may seem incredibly harsh, he is only stating the truth. Machiavelli explains, â€Å"For of men one can, in general, say this: They are ungrateful, fickle, deceptive and deceiving, avoiders of danger, eager to gain† (Machiavelli 52). While some may argue that they do not possess these negative characteristics, Machiavelli disagrees arguing that while they may not show them, they are capable of them. He continues on to describe humans as being self-preserved. â€Å"As long as you serve their interests, they are devoted to you. They promise you their blood, their possessions, their lives, and their children, as I said before, so long as you seem to have no need of them. But as soon as you need help, they turn against you† (Machiavelli 52). People are willing to give up all that they have, but when the time comes to actually give their belongings away, they run away. This assumption that humans are being of pitiless self-interest follows with political realism. Machiavelli furthers his negative remarks about human beings when he discusses virtue. Based on Machiavelli’s use of the word virtue, he seems to be referring to qualities that would earn praise. He states several praiseworthy characteristics that most humans would think are beneficial to possess. Machiavelli continues pointing out: Now I know everyone will agree that if a ruler could have all the good qualities I have listed and none of the bad ones, then this would be an excellent state of affairs. But one cannot have all the good qualities, nor always act in a praiseworthy fashion, for we do not live in an ideal world. (Machiavelli 48) While his point is intended for princes, it can be applied to humans as well. His earlier case about humans being self-absorbed and fickle can apply here as well. He acknowledges that it would be better for society if everyone acted virtuously, but it is not an ideal world. Therefore, since not everyone can possess only good qualities, he turns to a blatant reality that people must be deceiving. They need to pretend to have positive characteristics in order to fool those who oppose them. He believes the good traits are more advantageous if a person merely seems to possess them. A person should seem to be compassionate, trustworthy, sympathetic, honest, and religious instead of actually being those things. Machiavelli makes clear that virtue is not possible for a prince to be successful. He emphasizes the need for deception, and then moves on to discuss cruelty. Machiavelli explains that while it is good to be loved by your people, it is better to be feared. This is because men who love you will remain loyal until they fear their interests are at stake and run away. If the men are afraid of you, then they will not be able to run away because their fear will restrain them. Machiavelli states, â€Å"†¦for it is impossible to keep an army united and ready for action without acquiring a reputation for cruelty† (Machiavelli 52). If a prince wants control and order, then he needs to be feared. According to Machiavelli, cruelty is the way to achieve this goal and is essential if a prince wishes to maintain his power. The third necessity for a prince to remain a leader is to be powerful during war. Machiavelli, who clearly believes it is important to refer to the past as a guide, advises rulers to read history books and study the actions of men who succeeded. He declares, â€Å"[A ruler] should see how they conducted themselves when at war, study why they won some battles and lost others, so he will know what to imitate and what to avoid† (Machiavelli 47). By learning about past leaders, a prince can imitate the actions of historical figures who are admirable in order to make himself better. Machiavelli’s emphasis on war may come from the fact that, during this time, Italy is in pieces, and he wishes for it to be united. He encourages rulers to â€Å"only think of military matters† and states that â€Å"in time of peace he should be even more occupied with them than in time of war† (Machiavelli 46). A prince should constantly be a step ahead of his enemies, and, therefore, needs to persistently focus on how he can be better prepared for war. By having a good army and a set plan, a ruler is able to maintain his power. Although many people criticize Machiavelli for his outrageous political realism, he was discussing the truth about reality. Some people may see it as harsh, but sometimes the truth hurts. Machiavelli states, â€Å"So it is necessary for a ruler, if he wants to hold on to power, to learn how not to be good, and to know when it is and when it is not necessary to use this knowledge† (Machiavelli 48). He explains in depth why honesty and virtue are not factors in determining a prince’s success. Instead, a prince needs to be deceiving, cruel, and a powerful military ruler in order to keep his power. Works Cited Machiavelli, Niccolà ². The Prince. Trans. David Wootton. Indianapolis: Hackett, 1995. Print.

For the Love of the Game Essay

The poem, â€Å"Black Hair by Gary Soto describes a boy who had and probably still has a love and passion for baseball. Many images throughout this poem support this fact. For example, â€Å"In the bleachers I was brilliant with my body, waving players in and stomping my feet,† â€Å"His crouch the one I assumed before an alter of worn baseball cards in my room,† and â€Å"Â…in my mind I rounded the bases with him, my face flared, my hair lifting/Beautifully,† show how much he loves the game of baseball by putting himself, through imagination, into the game as if he was a player or coach himself. The first image, â€Å"In the bleachers I was brilliant with my body, waving players in and stomping my feet† shows how the boy tries to put himself right there in the game with the players. It makes me believe he is a true fan who really gets into the game. He was probably one of those annoying fans who jump up right in front of you just as someone is running for home plate and you miss it because they block your view through all their excitement. During those moments he probably forgets about everyone around him and feels at that moment he is the only one there. The second image, â€Å"His crouch the one I assumed before an alter of worn baseball cards in my room† to me shows he has been a collector for a while. Some of his baseball cards could have also been his Father’s that may have been handed down to him, which in that case are also old and worn. It makes me think he frequently thumbs through them. I am imagining them to be kept in an old shoebox not really in any type of order. After a game he probably gets them out and pulls out the best players from that game. The third image, â€Å"Â…in my mind I rounded the bases with him, my face flared, my hair lifting/Beautifully† again as in the first image shows me how he really puts himself in the game. He feels like a team player and maybe dreams of one day being a professional himself like Hector Moreno. The way he describes himself by the face flaring and hair lifting makes me believe he can see himself in slow motion heading for home plate and everyone watching and cheering him on as he approaches each base. Each image I have described supports my theory about his love of baseball and his dream of one day being a professional player himself. I think with the loss of his Father, baseball has taken up a big part of his life to maybe fill the void of his loss. He has definitely picked Hector out as a big role model for him and wants to one day be as successful as Hector. He wants to big an important person that people will look up to.

The German Blitz

Where and when did the Blitz start? At 4:56pm on 7 September 1940, the air raid sirens wailed as the luftwaffe (the German Air Force), launched a massive attack on London. Around 350 bombers flew across the English Channel from France and dropped 300 tonnes of bombs on the docks and streets of London. Other places that were affected? Other important military and industrial centres, such as Aberdeen, Belfast, Birmingham, Cardiff, Exeter, Glasgow, Sheffield, Swansea, Liverpool, Manchester, Portsmouth, Plymouth, Nottingham, Brighton, Eastbourne, Sunderland, and Southhampton, suffered heavy air raids and high numbers of casualties. Bootle and Hull were the most badly damaged cities city after London. Birmingham and Coventry were targeted because of the Spitfire and tank factories based in Birmingham and the many munitions factories in Coventry. Who did it affect and where did they go? Around 827,000 Schoolchildren and their teachers were evacuated, 524,000 Mothers with children under five and some pregnant women and disabled people. They were evacuated by trains and via the road to smaller towns in the countryside. Some children went to stay with relatives but most were sent to live with complete strangers. Where did people go during the air raids? As the night raids became so frequent, many people who were tired of repeatedly interrupting their sleep to go back and forth to the shelters, virtually took up residence in a shelter. There was different types of air raid shelters, there was the anderson shelter which were small corrugated iron shelters half buried in the ground with earth heaped on top to protect them from bomb blasts. Another type of shelter was the morrison shelter, it was made specifically for people without gardens, it was made from heavy steel and could also be used as a table, people sheltered underneath it during a raid. On September 21, 1940 the London Underground started to be used as an air raid shelter. On the busiest night in 1940, 177,000 people slept on platforms. In other parts of Britain caves where used to shelter in. When did the blitz stop? The Blitz ended in mid-may 1941 due to German Planes being sent to the east of Europe to prepare for the invasion of Russia.

Business history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business history - Essay Example By the time of the first Sino- Japanese war in 1894-1895, her position was greatly weakened. It was not surprising that Japan won the war, having built their strength during the Meiji restoration. The loss to the Japanese marked the shift in the dominating power in Europe and the end of the beginning for the Qinq dynasty. The loss of the war was an indicator of the weaknesses within the dynasty and foreshadowed the Boxer rebellion, the revolution of 1911 and the downfall of the Qing dynasty in 1912 that would make way for the later rise of communism (Akimova 1971). By 1925, the population of china was around 450 million people, most of whom got their livelihood from agriculture. There was a great unevenness in the distribution of the land. More than half the national population was completely landless, working as laborers for the land owners who were made up of only roughly 20 percent of the population. Through out Chinese history, the imperial powers, knowing too well on what side their bread is buttered, have had a stringent control on the economy of the country. Other than land, the imperial powers had control over more than half of china’s biggest industry, textile production together with a third of the railways system whether directly or indirectly. The imperialists also monopolized the shipping on Chinese waters which accounted for 80% of her foreign trade (Blackwell, 2008). Why the revolts by the peasants were always thwarted is because they could not master the forces needed to fight against the imperial powers. This was another ploy by the imperialists to guarantee that there was no real threat because they knew the forces raised by the peasants were puny and could be easily crushed (Blackwell, 2008). Imperial china was slow to pick up what is termed as the capitalist revolution, where individuals work by themselves, to earn their own profit. It was detrimental for china to choose the communist

Compare and contrast the European and North American freight Case Study

Compare and contrast the European and North American freight transportation systems, globalized trade, and global policy implications - Case Study Example America and most countries in Europe boast of different kinds of freight systems, which have been instrumental in the growth of their economies. This paper makes a comparison of the global freight systems that have been established in the United States and most countries in Europe. Today’ globalization has brought about very many changes with respect to long-distance transport, as well as communication costs between and among countries of the world. In the past, it was agreed that trade costs did not hold any major impact as far as the structure and quantity of global trade were concerned. However, at present, these costs are now being considered and acknowledge ad being of great importance. Currently, the distribution systems in the global freight can be said to have been brought about by the convergence that has been necessitated by technology, modes and terminals, as well as infrastructure (Debrie & Gouvernal 2006). One of the things that have stood out significantly behind the process of standardization of these global freight systems has been containerization. This development has resulted in the emergence of strategies in supply chain management like maritime shipping. Europe and North America are among the major markets of the world; these two regions have huge notable commonalities in terms of strong and stable import functions (Rodrigue, Comtois & Slack 2009). The global functions in this perspective are made up of inbound logistics; in addition, there are many highly developed shipment distribution systems that link these two regions, necessitating their comprehensive trade flows. Different researches that have been carried out on this issue have indicated that these two regions are still walking similar paths when it comes configuration of their logistics networks and transport infrastructure. The operational decisions, as well as the establishments of regulatory frameworks are guiding and necessitating these

Money Management Final-1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Money Management Final-1 - Assignment Example Investing the entire sum of money in a single stock exposes the investor to the risk of that asset. So, in case when the price of that security falls in the market due to any reason, the investor will suffer huge losses. This, risk of concentration of money in a single stock is mitigated through diversification. Risk Profile Analysis Investments are subject to market risks and a rational investor always prefers to minimize risk over given investment return of maximize return over given risk. The risk profile of a portfolio is determined on the basis of risk appetite of investor. If the investor is risk prone then such investor would prefer investing larger portion of portfolio in risky assets such as common stocks or growth EFTs where as an investor with a lower risk appetite would prefer investing in safer assets to ensure protection of principal investment. The logic or procedure to determine the amount to be invested in risky assets is determined on the basis of time horizon, obje ctives, and diversification. Objectives and Asset Mix The main objective of the portfolio is to get adequate amount of long term growth in income. In order to achieve this objective, substantial amount of the investment corpus should be invested into equity class ETFs and fewer portions should be invested in debt instruments. This is because, while the equity will ensure long term capital growth for the investor through proper diversification, debt portion of portfolio will ensure fixed and stable income for the investor. Proper diversification will help reduce the overall portfolio risk by spreading stock specific risk into combination of securities. Determining Time Frame of Investment In order to evaluate the performance of the portfolio, sufficient time horizon should be chosen since the objective of portfolio is long term capital growth and not speculative trading. Keeping the objective of portfolio, a time horizon of minimum five years will be chosen to evaluate the performanc e of the securities. Money Management through ETF On the basis of the portfolio objectives, time frame of investment and risk profile analysis discussed earlier it can be said that Exchange Traded Funds (ETF) can be an effective money management tool. ETFs are investment funds that are often traded as commodity in the stock markets. Thus, ETF funds are traded similar to stocks in the stock exchanges but at the same time it is essential to know the process of buying and selling of ETFs in the stock exchanges. The process allows market players to determine ETF prices by analyzing the forces of demand and supply of ETFs in the market throughout the day. If appropriate strategy is not formulated then the investor might be adversely affected from price fluctuations throughout the day. Further the investment objective will determine whether the portfolio will be able to provide sufficient returns to the investors to attain such objectives

Terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Terrorism - Essay Example The deceased left behind a young family of three. The second victim was a legendary New York employee, Harold H. Sherburne, a man in his mid-60s, whose profession on Wall Street had lasted for four decades. The remaining casualties were James Gezork and Alejandro Berger who were caught up in the incident during their business trip to New York. The first three victims died on the spot, but the last one died later on while undergoing treatment in the hospital. According to Martin, the FALN left a note in a nearby telephone booth to the effect that they were taking full responsibility for the bombing incident at Fraunces Tavern, purposely to eliminate ‘reactionary’ business personalities inside (95). The message elaborated that the light ordnance made of dynamite that the terrorist elements had stuffed into a luggage and sneaked into the entrance to the building’s hallway was used to revenge the perceived American ordered bombing of a Puerto Rican eatery that resulted in 15 casualties barely a fortnight

MBA Advertising Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

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Response Journal 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Response Journal 4 - Essay Example Several bigger high-tech companies were noted to be actively searching for EEs such as Intel Labs Europe, ARM Holdings, and other companies in Belgium like Agfa-Gevaert Belgium, Alcatel-Lucent, Belgacom, Cisco Systems, and Nuance Communications International are looking for very specialized skills (Schnederman 1). The shortage in engineers was identified to be the result of an ageing workforce and the limited number of students pursuing the degree. The report provided optimistic information that could encourage more students to go into the engineering field, especially to develop specialized skills in areas where high demand has been projected. It identified potentially high growth opportunities for engineers in the field of space research and new technologies (solar energy), among others. The most relevant aspect deemed necessary to entice more students to pursue this endeavor is to make compensation and benefits highly competitive to other professions within the area. But like any other profession, more than the compensation, other factors need to be considered to make the career more attractive and encouraging.

Crisis Communicaitons Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Crisis Communicaitons Plan - Essay Example It outlines major methods for reacting to these situations in a quick and effective manner. It is the principal goal of this Crisis Communication Plan to set up guidelines for handling the recent controversial situation and to ensure that school staff are well familiar with these procedures as well as their roles in this situation. The Crisis Communication Plan is designated to be utilized along with the common decision-making hierarchy of the school and in no way supplants this decision-making process. While addressing the media and the general public, the school will deliver factual data and messages that will be most beneficial to the school and to the school district. We aim at helping the mass media through provision of information which will enable them to air unbiased and true information about the school, which will not discredit the its position as a reliable educational establishment and educational leader. In all procedures of communication, the school will set up a positive opportunity for the general public that will position the educational sector as a whole (Crisis Communication Plan: Nonprofit Toolkit). Messages about the drug abuse problem and alleged involvement of our school teachers in drugs delivery will be solution oriented, responsive and directed at effective action. They will reinforce the school’s leadership position. The following School Communications Plan will serve as a guide to crisis communication for our school. Its overall purpose is to facilitate management of communications in the context of crisis. It includes necessary organizational considerations. The next section will inform about the objectives of the plan. 4. Successfully manage the data distribution, in particular dissemination of crucial and sensitive information to the sources of the mass media, which will make the current data available for the members of the public, staff

Prison Break Essay Example for Free

Prison Break Essay Prison break is an American television series just entering the second season. It is a drama series set around a prison. This five star thriller is based in a prison named Fox River. The masterminded character, Michael Scofield (Wentworth Miller) is the main actor in this series. He plays as a structural engineer, this comes in handy when he plans to break out his step brother Lincoln Burrows (Dominic Purcell), also acted as Drake in Blade Trinity out of prison. Lincoln Burrows (Purcell) is the only family he has, and is on death row, convicted of the murder of the vice presidents brother. In actual fact, the vice presidents brother is hiding. This scheme was set up by the vice president herself and her right hand man, working with the secret service agent Paul Kellerman. (Paul Adelstein) Lawyer Veronica Donovan (Robin Tunney) investigates a conspiracy that takes place indicating that Lincoln Burrows was framed for the murder. The evidence was destroyed and Veronica could not get Lincoln exonerated. When a date was set for the execution of Lincoln, Michael has to think fast about how he is going to execute this plan. He has plans of the prison tattooed all over his body. These blueprints are camouflaged by artwork of devils and angels and so not anyone can see it and understand it apart from him. Any phrases or important words would be tattooed backwards or inverted and only could be recognized seeing it through a mirror. He deliberately robs a bank firing a gunshot on the ceiling to acquire maximum security and gets caught intentionally and gets sent to the same prison as his brother. The action inside the prison is full of suspense as the series continues. Michael has to persuade several other prisoners who are important for this escape to happen. Predictably other prisoners acknowledge that there is a scheme going on and they have to be part of the escape for obvious reasons. Psychopath Theodore Bagwell (Robert Knepper) known as T-Bag as his nickname, is a perfect example of why this show is so great. His character is a murder and rapist. His emetic performance is what gets the viewers gripped. Throughout the series there is another plot of whats happening outside the walls. Veronica is working hard to end this conspiracy or to delay the execution. This is not an easy task as she is fighting against the government. The second season is when the cons are on the run. Fernando Sucre, Benjamin Franklin, John Abruzzi, Theodore T-bag Bagwell, Charles Patoshik, David Apolskis, Michael Scofield and Lincoln Burrows are the Fox River 8 MOST WANTED MEN IN AMERICA. The phrase MOST WANTED sums up the feelings of how the cops would really like to catch them. After the breakout the cons make their way to the airstrip to board a plane that should wait there to pick them up. The plane was unknown and identified by an inspector. The pilot had to leave the cons behind after being suspicious. This is a difficult situation for Scofield and the viewers are worried that the fugitives will be apprehended. He proves his intelligence by having a plan B if they never made it to the airstrip. They all go their different ways to uncover five millions dollars buried in Utah by an inmate that was killed in Fox River. The break out becomes a Federal matter and FBIs have to get involved. Special conniving agent FBI Alexander Mahone (William Fitchtner) is at almost the same intelligence as Scofield and is a real obstacle for him. This undeniable amazing series caught over ten million viewers. Brett Ratner, the director of Prison Break has turned famous after directing the best series with the highest ratings. On www. reviewit. com, 10,000 blogs show the people love the excitement and the suspense they get watching this series. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Miscellaneous section.

The Death Penalty Essay Example for Free

The Death Penalty Essay The death penalty is a very controversial topic that some may oppose while others assent. I have read two interesting essays about the death penalty. One is entitled â€Å"The Penalty of Death† by H. L Mencken and the other â€Å"Execution† by Anna Quindlen. Both authors presented their arguments and used great points to support their opinions. H. L Mencken is for the death penalty while Anna Quindlen is against it. After reading these two authors work I was able to form my own opinion on this punishment. I condone the death penalty despite how cruel it may be. H. L Mencken begins his story by presenting two arguments against capital punishment. He then gives his reasons as to why he believes these arguments are weak. The first argument is that the act of hanging a man is an unpleasant business and horrendous to the people who have to watch. The second argument is that the death penalty is counterproductive because it will not restrain others from committing the same crime. Mencken’s response is that there are a lot of displeasing jobs that still need to be done that no one considers extinguishing. He lists occupations such as a plumber, soldier, and garbage man. The author then states that the fault in argument two is assuming that the main goal of punishing criminals is to discourage other potential wrong doers. Mencken reveals that preventing others from committing similar crimes is not the only reason for the death penalty. Another reason is a term called katharsis. Katharsis is simply a pleasant discharge of emotions. The families of victims all want to feel as though justice is served. What better way than to hurt the criminal the way they hurt their victim. â€Å"The thing they crave primarily is the satisfaction of seeing the criminal actually before them suffer as he made them suffer (Mencken 475)†.

The Lovely Bones Book vs Movie

The Lovely Bones Book vs Movie Alice Sebolds bestseller The Lovely Bones is another book that you dont quite know what to expect when you pick it up, but when you read it you get it very quickly. It affects you emotionally as a reader and makes it interesting. Mass market book publishing is, like movies, a calculated and repetitive business. Sebold came with something really different. She was lucky to get her book published, and when she did, no one expected it to sell over 2 million copies or be on the New York Times bestseller list for over a year (Bradshaw). This bestselling book became the basis for the film, taking on the same name, and directed by Peter Jackson; who also is known for directing Heavenly Creatures, The Lord of the Rings, The Lord of the Rings the Two Towers, and The Lord of The Rings the Return of the Ring (York). Having read The Lovely Bones and then watching the film it became clear that not only was there an obvious difference between the movie and book cover, but there were many differenc es and changes that were made on behalf of the film. The Lovely Bones is set in the suburbs of Philadelphia in the early seventies. Its about the Salmon Family; husband, wife, three children and the tragedy that occurs within the family. They were in the prime of their lives, the next thing you know the police have arrived and nobody really knows what happened to the main character, Susie Salmon, a young girl who is murdered in a corn field just beyond the back of her house. In the book Susie is going through her process of going up into Heaven and looking down on her family struggling to deal with the death of their daughter and sister. A major aspect of the book is how she directs her family towards her killer in some sort of retribution (Sebold). As the book was translated to film the differences that are often seen in book to film translations can be more evident as it goes along. As the process of translating The Lovely Bones to film was approached it became the ultimate puzzle for screen writers according to the director Peter Jackson. (Filming) Getting films out to the public for directors or the marketing team of any movie has become easier and easier with Amazon, YouTube, eBay, and personal websites, filmmakers have direct access to the public (Garon xix). Jackson seemed to hope for a similar outcome from the movie as the book. If he had stayed truer to the book, he may have gotten what he wanted. In an attempt to produce from within the pages of the novel, the film, and book, take place during the nineteen seventies and is narrated from the perspective of a fourteen year old girl named Susie Salmon. She is a passionate photographer, has the love and support of her family, and is even getting looks from the boy she has a crush on in school. Life is all good. And then she is brutally murdered by her creepy neighbor George Harvey. (The Lovely Bones) It begins with the same line from the first page of the book: My name is Salmon, like the fish, first name Susie (Sebold 6). Even though the book and film begin the same, the story in the film and the story in the book are very, very different. In the book the actual process and the crisis of the death in the beginning of the book is covered in the first chapter. This first chapter covers forty five to fifty minutes of the film, which is most of the movie. Susie Salmon the lead in the movie, played by Saoirse Ronan, and the main character of the book is portrayed amazingly. She really does capture the tone and the innocence along with the development away from the innocence of the character of Susie in the original text. Mark Walberg plays the father and is a massive character in the book. The best casting to the book is Susan Sarandon, as the Grandmother, even though physically they have a completely different description of the Grandmother in the book (USA). However, translation to film does not detail you the torment that the family goes through chapter after chapter. For example, the destruction of the family unit, the extended leave of the mother, sleepless nights of the sister and obsessive focus on finding Susie and her killer. There is no depiction in the film of the horrific nature of the abduction, murder, or more specifically the graphic rape and dismemberment of Susie. The movie is quite sugar coated compared to the book. It almost appears that the screenwriters for this movie pulled an old teenage trick of reading the first chapter and then skipping to the last. (York) Many differences continue to unfold as the movie shows Susie feeling life fading away from her as she grabs onto the top of a flower, forcing herself into the in-between. There, she is confused and alone until she meets Holly, who helps her navigate her new world. Its just the two of them in utopia, a perfect world of their own making, at first. As it plays out Susie and Holly only exist with a growing number of girls that Harvey has killed. Jackson creates a visual basis for the in-between that is almost like a dream. Creative license took shape when the director places visions of ghostly Susie entering the realm of the real world to inspire changes in events. (The Lovely Bones) Among one of the larger differences in the film to book translation, which wasnt a problem until the viewing of the film, was it became unclear in the book what kind of state or status Susie was in when she died; rather she was in a kind of purgatory or they call it the in-between in both the book and film. It was made clearer in the movie that she was going on a specific journey, and they actually created that world very visually, which was very good. The only issue with these visuals was as a reader you have your own images in your head that were previously described in the book. Visually the film is spectacular, but for a reader there are no huge bottles with ships inside and visions of her in the eyes of her family. These events just dont exist in the text. Contrary to the production, book Susie puts her dismembered body back together and meets Franny, her intake specialist, who helps her navigate this new world. Susie refuses to go to heaven until she can reach her family and help catch her killer (Sebold 8). Only then does she meet Holly, her roommate (Sebold 17). Susie lives in her vision, with people everywhere throwing javelins and wandering around in their own versions in the distance, similar to the real world. She creates cool swing sets and a duplex that she always wanted and shares it with her new friend Holly. Susies interpretation of heaven is populated with real men and women, of all ages, from all background, who died and now resides in overlapping worlds (Sebold 19). Because this movie is based off a three hundred page book it feels like it moves too fast missing key components in the timeline. Several minutes into the film George Harvey lures her to his hidden den in a field, sparking excitement and interest in Susie. Harvey tries to hide his deed and find other victims as her family tries to deal with the tragedy as well as trying to find out just who is responsible for her murder (Filming). It then becomes confusing for readers when the movie cuts to a point where Susie appears to escape from the underground lair in the corn field and then is running through the streets. Its not immediately apparent that she is dead or how she died. This ghostly appearance does not occur and the death scene is clearer in the text. The book is detailed and sharp which leads to the confusion of the timeline within the movie. Timelines within the film get more blurred as we read further into the novel. It graphically describes the rape followed by him murdering her with a shaving razor (Sebold 12). Then, he dismembers her body, putting her remains in a safe that he dumps in a sinkhole (Sebold 53). This timeline is skipped in the film as they focus more on Jack, Susies father, and his search for a killer. He is obsessively seen collecting personal files and digging up tax records on a number of shady men, every man he can think of (The Lovely Bones), although, Mr. Harvey is the first, and only, suspect of Jack in the book. He knows it and feels it after helping Mr. Harvey with a project in his backyard, bringing about another difference, a ceremonial tent in the book and a duck blind in the movie. However, this occurs two years later in the movie. Its within the first month in the book. It takes eleven months before the police even turn up Susies hand-knit hat. Within the book Susies elbow turns up three d ays later, the hat within weeks. The film skips or twists more and more detail and leaves you expecting and waiting for them to unfold but, some never come and others dont come until almost the end, and then it is vague and contained in sudden flashbacks with no explanation. (Sebold 55) (The Lovely Bones) In terms of the plot line the film attempts to get it, though it does not go into the depth that they do in the book. Jackson takes his time in carefully setting up the plot just enough so that we have a good hold on the world of the story the entire time (USA). The time period is reflected well and the main character is likeable and someone who we can sympathize with easily, but not because she is a teenage girl that dies. Her personality and narrations are what do it instead. The film moves back and forth between what the book and movie call the in-between or afterlife and the real world and comes across in the movie very visually (Visual). The visuals are just stunning and there is a unique feel about them as though you are in a dream while they play in front of you. The structuring of this movie is also kind of weird; thankfully with so many other differences this didnt make the movie so confusing as to lose the audience completely (Filming). In film it diverts back and forth to Susie focusing on having her first kiss with Ray, the visually extravagant in-between, and warning her family; whereas the book, although narrated by Susie, explores so many other characters and life experiences. In contrast to the movie, the book is more of a coming of age story about a girl who will never get the chance to grow up. Susie can only grow spiritually by watching her family and friends as they each reach milestones, leave for college, get married and have kids of their own. For book readers shes already had her first kiss and after watching her sister and Samuel make love she longs to do the same with Ray, the boy who was going to go out with her, her crush (Sebold 237). Susie later possesses Ruth, her former classmate and friend. Ruth, who has a spiritual connection with Susie, is overwhelmed by the feeling of her presence. Susie then enters Ruths body and makes love to Ray, which is again graphically described in text (Sebold 300). The movie focus again takes away from the book journey eliminating this sexual growth aspect to the teenage girl. Like many adaptations found with book to film projects; you do lose a vast number of really important events. Such that, the scenes where we follow Harvey are well thought out in just how they show his life and his way of thinking in the film very vaguely. His apparent odd psychological state of mind, expressed with his need for an alarm to prompt him to open his window shades, does not translate as well in the movie (The Lovely Bones). His odd psychological state and inability to follow social norms are described in detail within the chapters as he devices ways to appear normal to the outside world (Sebold 130). In the book you get more in depth descriptions which develops the characters of not just Harvey and Susie but, her sister, her father and, especially, her mother. You learn a lot about her mother which is important however, in the film you learn very little. It is played out in the text that Abigail, Susies mother, never wanted children, withdraws from her family and has an affair with police detective Len Fenerman, the investigator to Susies case (Sebold 196). You also dont learn in the movie that the mother abandoned the father, sister and brother. You see her in the film leave with one suitcase in a cab as though she is taking a vacation or just a getaway to clear her head. However, in the book narrations she abruptly leaves and takes a job at a winery in California and attends College. Abigail leaves and creates a life for herself with her boyfriend, Samuel Heckler, who she becomes engaged to after finishing college. Only after hearing that Jack has had a heart attack does she return eight years later (Sebold 220). This huge gap in time and events are not portrayed in the movie. The relationship between Abigail and her children is then laid out in detail as their son Buckley expresses bitterness for her abandoning the family for most of his childhood (Sebold 264). The filmmakers cut this out completely never even giving a hint that this fracture happened within the family. She is nearly ignored in the movie by giving us just small glimpses of an upset and lost mom, until Jack is nearly beaten to death and then appears again creating an image that she was there the whole time, perhaps distant in her mourning (The Lovely Bones). This information could have made the film come to life as more realistic, instead it is projected on the screen that the family also lives in their own utopia of sorts. Both the book and film end with a similar event. Mr. Harvey, her rapist, her murderer, and the evil man that exists in the world is killed in the book when he is attempting to violate a young girl and an ice sickle falls from a tree hitting his shoulder. As it hits him he is put off balance and falls into a deep ravine. He lies there, being buried by the cold snow, not to be found for weeks (Sebold 327). It is similar in the movie; he is also hit by an ice cycle and falls down a large ravine then abruptly ends. You have an idea that he is dead from the graphic fall, but still no closure, it is left open ended. (New Zealand). When watching the movie you find that it seems to intertwine three story lines. First, is that of Susie in the in-between, the second deals with her mourning family and the third, interestingly, deals with her killer. Although this movie has a serial killer on the loose and its share of cops it is in no way like a crime or revenge story. Instead this is a movie about family bonds and about a loss. Its about the presence people can have in our lives even when they are gone; its about understanding what closure really means, and differs from the novel. The Lovely Bones is a very compassionate story the way it is told from the girls point of view and the innocence that she has in the way she looks at the world she has left behind. Alice Sebold gives us a look at how the Salmon Family is forever changed as a result of Susies murder. Susie watches as her parents drift apart and her siblings and friends grow up and have experiences Susie can only witness. Through the experiences of the Salmon Family in The Lovely Bones, readers can examine their own feelings and reactions to loss and mourning. Susie is on this incredible adventure into the world of the afterlife, described as the in-between. The rules of our world no longer apply. She has to come to terms with where she is and has to somehow influence events back down on earth that enable her killer to be caught. It is an incredibly layered story getting its title from a section at the end of the book (Mehegan). These were the lovely bones that had grown around my absence: the connections-sometimes tenuous, sometimes made at great cost, but often magnificent-that happened after I was gone. And I began to see things in a way that let me hold the world without me in it. The events my death brought were primarily that the bones of a body that would become whole at some unpredictable time in the future. The price of what I came to see as this miraculous lifeless body had been my life (Sebold 320). Throughout this discussion you can see that as the book was translated to film, by director Peter Jackson, the differences that are often seen in book to film translations are more evident and clear as it goes along. Due to time constraints and interpretation, we find that a majority of book to film projects do not hold faithfulness to the authors. It has also been found that many books to film correlations create added characters or eliminate characters for theatrical benefit (Cohen 1). It may even be better to watch the film and then read the book. This might prevent you from making judgments about this film on the basis of the book such as, visual effects, timeline, and content, due to it being three hundred pages turned into two hours, which in text form are actually only about one hundred pages. Predictably, Peter Jacksons interpretation of The Lovely Bones is not equal to the interpretation of the author Alice Sebold. Clearly you can see that this story has been interpreted in very different ways, both in film and in text. Differences within the movie create a watered down and non-confrontational approach to the real subject matter of the novel. Therefore, if you are looking to research any book by watching its movie remember you are probably going to be missing about two thirds of the book, if not more. As exampled here, with The Lovely Bones, the differences between book and film translations can be extreme causing confusion and distorted reality of the content and subject matter of the authors original concepts. Work Cited Bradshaw, Peter. Guardian. 2002. 14 Nov. 2012 http://books.guardian.co.uk/film/2010/feb/18/the-lovely-bones-review. Cohen, Steven and Hark, Ina Rae. The Road Movie Book. Routledge. New York, NY. 1997. Filming the Lovely Bones (Special Features). DW Studios LLC. Dreamworks Pictures. BLU-RAY. 2009 Garon, Jon. The Independent Filmmakers Law and Business Guide: Financing, Shooting, and Distributing Independent and Digital Films. Chicago Review Press. Chicago, IL- 2nd Edition. 2009. Mehegan, David. Sebold, Alice. The Lovely Bones. Words to Live by (Supplementary interview). Little, Brown and Co. New York, NY. 2002. New Zealand Principal Photography (Special Features). DW Studios LLC. Dreamworks Pictures. BLU-RAY. 2009 Sebold, Alice. The Lovely Bones. Little, Brown and Co. New York, NY. 2002. Sebold, Alive. The Lovely Bones. The Oddity of Suburbia. (Supplementary essay). Little, Brown and Co. New York, NY. 2002. The Lovely Bones-Free Online Study Guide. The Best Notes. 2008. 14 Nov. 2012. http://thebestnotes.com/booknotes/lovely_bones_sebold. The Lovely Bones. Peter Jackson. DW Studios LLC. Dreamworks Pictures. BLU-RAY. 2009. USA Principal Photography (Special Features). DW Studios LLC. Dreamworks Pictures. BLU-RAY. 2009. Visual Effects (Special Features). DW Studios LLC. Dreamworks Pictures. BLU-RAY. 2009. York, April. Book vs. Film: The Lovely Bones. 2010. 14 Nov. 2012. http://culturemagazine.ca/cinema/book_vs_film_the_lovely_bones.html.

Jonathan Swifts Gullivers Travels - Attitudes and Perceptions of Societies :: Gullivers Travels Essays

Attitudes and Perceptions of Societies in Gulliver's Travels    By the end of Book II in Gulliver's Travels, it is very clear that the character of Gulliver is not the same man who wrote the letter in the beginning of the story.   In fact, he is not the same man he was in Book I.   From the onset of Gulliver's Travels, Swift creates for us a seemingly competent character and narrator in Gulliver.   In his account we learn how his adventures have changed him and his perception of people, for the central theme of this story is how human nature and reason reflect society. Throughout the novel, the character, Gulliver changes his attitudes and his perceptions of people because of the different attitudes and perceptions of the different societies of Lilliput and Brobdingnag.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the whole, Gulliver is a very frustrating character to deal with for a number of reasons.   For example, he's not steady; this unsteadiness as a narrator leads us to question the validity of what Gulliver tells us.   This means that we have to be on our guard against what he says, and even though he's our guide, we can't follow him everywhere, which is just what Swift wanted.   Gulliver makes many apologies for himself and his actions and puts us the reader emotionally involved in the story.   Gulliver seems to direct a good deal of hostility toward us, creating a tinge of hostility back at him.   Ultimately, Gulliver works as a narrator because we can relate to him and as a result find him engaging.   We too can jump from emotion to emotion, but in the long run, Swift is not attempting to create an Everyman.   This Gulliver is not, by any means a wholly allegorical character, but as much an individual as the next person.   In certain ways, Gul liver proves to be more resilient than the average man is by managing to survive the disastrous shipwrecks and people so foreign they might as well be aliens.   Still in other ways Gulliver is a naà ¯ve person, bereft of decency and consideration.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Gulliver is an entirely credible and probable person at the same time that he is precisely the person to be the instrument for Swift's satire.   In his incredible circumstances, Gulliver shows himself to be very resourceful and observant of his surroundings.   With that he changes in relation to the places he visits and the events that befall him as he voyages.

Masterbation - Men vs Women :: Sociology Essays Research Papers

Masterbation - Men vs Women 55 vs 38 percent of men vs women (aged 18-59) said they masturbated on a regular basis. The percentage above is basically an indicative quantitative value for what society believes is the norm for both men and women. Two stereotypes come into play, that of a man being an overly sexual being, constantly craving sex and consuming every waking moment and every ounce of energy in pursuit of it. Secondly, there is the stereotype of woman being a passive, sexually unresponsive being. Many combinations of factors come together to produce the common misconceptions shown in the above statistics. The lower percentage of women in this statistic is most likely indicative of a social pressure. Women who don’t express their sexuality and who don’t give in to many of their sexual needs are deemed as â€Å"good† in our society. Many people consider women who masturbate as â€Å"loose† and intimidating, a role not considered to be lady like. In addition there are many cultural factors associated with the lowered percentage. A woman learns from an early age that her genitals are inferior to that of a man. We all can recall the â€Å"mine fell off† story; this implies that a woman is lacking something that a man has. In many cultures both outside and inside the U.S., women are taught to repress their sexual urges, and that sex for them is merely a means to procreate and keep their husbands happy. Furthermore, a partner who masturbates, because it implies they are lacking in their performance, intimidates many men. As the social ideal of a woman being a dependent and passive creature has deteriorated in our time, the taboo of female masturbation is beginning to show signs of decrease. However, for the most part the taboo still exists. For men masturbation is seen as a necessity, a means of controlling intense hormonal imbalances, a release valve. There is no study indicating that females don’t have the same desires and need to explore themselves. In fact masturbation is a healthy and natural thing for both males and females.

The Rise of Nazism in Germany :: Ancient Rome Roman History

The Rise of Nazism in Germany Germany's defeat in World War One created political, economic and social instability in the Weimar Republic and led to the rise of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP) or Nazi party. The First World War placed increasingly heavy strains and sacrifices on the German people. The gap between the rich and poor widened and divisions between classes increased. It had direct effect on the workers' living standard as earnings fell and food shortages grew. Food was sold on the growing black market but the prices were high and the poor could not afford to buy. This led to a crisis in the cities and as many as 700 000 died of hypothermia and starvation in the winter of 1916-17. In order to force the German people to bear the hardship of the war, chancellor Bethmann Hollweg promised political reform in a speech in the Reichstag in February 1917. This promise led to political unrest and an organised strike of 400 000 ammunition workers in Berlin, which threatened to cripple arms production. However, as long as the military held their dominant position and the possibility of victory remained, the prospects of reform seemed remote. After the chancellor was forced to resign in July 1917 military repression increased. There were severe restrictions on the right of assembly, stricter control of meetings to discuss grievances, a return to military service for striking workers and the banning of all anti-war material. In September 1918 the military effort suddenly collapsed. The allied powers, in particular President Wilson of the United States, demanded that Germany be transformed into a democracy. On November 1918 the SPD declared the abdication of the Kaiser and the birth of the new Weimar Republic. On 28 June 1919 the German government signed the Treaty of Versailles imposed on it by the victorious powers. Clause 231 blamed Germany for causing the war and vast majority of Germans rejected this. They blamed the Weimar government for losing the war and signing the outrageous Treaty. Linked to this was the demand for financial compensation for the cost of the war paid to France and Britain. This shocked the Germans severely as it would be hard to pay reparations since the war had weakened the country. Germany's army personnel was to be reduced to 100 000 and was forbidden to produce "offensive" weapons. There was to be no air force or submarines and the navy was to be reduced to six small battleships and six cruisers.

Poem Analysis “Out, Out”

Poem Analysis: â€Å"Out, Out-† In the poem, â€Å"Out, Out-â€Å", author Robert Frost starts off his poem by giving an inanimate object, the buzzsaw, a sense of life. Using the literary device, Personification, the buzz saw is being written with characteristics a curious and rather playful child. The buzzsaw acts like once hears the young man’s mother call for supper time, that it wants to eat, so eats the young man’s hand. The buzzsaw takes (Cuts Off) the hand in a rather subtle demeanor, but in truth, it would be a very graphic to behold.Throughout the poem, everything is written in a peaceful and quite tone, even during the violent and gruesome ones to. To add to the fact of the buzzsaw is being personified in the story, the buzzsaw seems to only attack when the mother calls all for supper. The buzzsaw acts like it knows what the meaning of supper time is. Another literary device used in this poem is the process of along with the use of otomotapia(s).Using repetition first to deliver emphasis to the reader of the sounds that buzzsaw would be making, and then the actual sound being written/sounded out in an otomotapia base. The otomotapia in the story would be the grinding sounds made the buzzsaw ripping the through the poor young man’s arm. This quote from the story pretty much sums all that I describe above; â€Å"The saw snarled and rattled, snarled and rattled†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and it continues about three more times over and over.The use of the sound effects gives the once playful buzzsaw a more animalistic approach, making it seem like it is hungry after hearing the key word â€Å"supper†. To conclude, the literary devices used in Robert Frost’s poem are mostly to emphasis and give life to once lifeless piece of machinery. The story, rather bloody and saddening, is a well written example of poetry and depth behind each and every letter/word. The analysis is still to be assessed, but this all gives basic underst anding as to what meant behind his more obvious literary devices.

Brought to Bed by Judith Leavitt

Two Hundred years of American history of childbirth has been fairly, thoroughly and sensitively examined by Leavitt. The main argument she focuses on in the book is the shrewd common commencement of giving birth to a child. This phenomenon is not only a natural event but an important part in the common description of womanhood. In the Past, natural differences have been preserved in the sexual dissection of labor. The communal globe resolutely given to men, being a mother is the center of women’s survival with giving birth to a baby her most appreciated work.The emphasis of Leavitt is on the childbearing centrality to women living her life which guides her to center on the altering personality of giving birth and the relationship a women has to it. The story of Leavitt clarifies from the viewpoint of women giving birth and also of the medical occupation. Cautiously and creatively, she discloses the attractive interaction between the different damage of common and medical chang es have affected the lives of women usually and in particular childbirth.The dialectical association between society and medicine is lit up in the discussion of Leavitt of the entry of a physician into the room where children are born and the means by which women on their own resolute the limit of medical contribution in this customarily area of women. Distant from extension unreceptive losses of their own ecology, for the better part of the era women who gave birth got the emotional power from the normal female’s support systems.In the 1930s childbirth moved permanently to the hospitals, before those women themselves who gave birth were the liveliest causes of alteration in the history of American Childbirth. The preservation of determination of women and traditions of females to form events in their own rooms of childbirth imitated a basic feminist desire. Even though giving birth is the sign of customary womanhood, it was the focal point of the arrangement women constructe d to conquer the restrictions of custom and eventually to extend the sphere of females.The use of Leavitt’s confidential writings of women of America maintain her analysis that women had the control in the child birth room and only gave up this authority to the medical occupation after cautious thought of the options. Leavitt’s argument is realistic that medical experts did not come in without an invitation nor they forced their knowledge, their pincers, asepsis or anesthesia on their miserable patients. The middle and upper class American women would comprise the first line of the fresh medical and social development.Therefore they were active in changing birth of a child from a conventional concern of females into a medical occupation where attention is needed of the experts and eventually the patient is hospitalized. The women who gave birth knew about the options they had with respect to medical intrusion and male attendance. Nothing was forced upon them. The femin ist viewpoint of this book does not mean to bash a doctor. The author points that physicians in America were largely male and they were very alert of their proposition in the mortality rates and maternal morbidity.They struggled to enhance the technique and training of obstetric for the well being of the infant and mother. As a result the occupation has keenly known a better path which is safe and it allows nature to do its work and unwarranted medical intrusion. The result of any intense was often a tragedy for the family. Regardless of the substantial influence that women had for a long time in the room which children were born, by early 1950s they had given their authority and their support system for birth of a child only amongst strangers. As the author challenges the medical side of child birth involved some decisive achievement and losses.By the middle of the 20th century, childbirth was as safe like never before. For the women of America, the individual cost was a isolation from their own experience of childbirth and a callous of the bonds which had conventionally combined them with all the other mothers. Now the pendulum had turned from a customary childbirth to childbirth as a problem of medical experts. The study of Leavitt confirms that physicians and women should divide the liability for the development of childbirth like we are now used too. According to Leavitt, if more changes are made this will allow women to regain the familiarity.The two hundred years covered by Leavitt and her efforts to believe childbirth from the viewpoint of the medical profession as well as women, the book is amazingly logical. As normally the case is the approach loans itself to recurrence of arguments, instances and also quotes but these are small arguments. More significantly, like all the other ground breaking analyses, this one raises a bit of debatable questions. One can be that, given the undividable life of infant and maternal transience, a bit more thought of t he childbirth impact on its final creation would have been valuable.As many women faced the tragedy of losing a child either during or after birth, some would face this tragedy more than once in her life; this seems to be one of the emotional sides of childbirth which requires more expansion. The accessibility of different basis has also prohibited any but transient thought to the familiarity to the women in the working class, who had a lesser choices when giving birth. How can these sorts of women sense the rising violation of medication in the childbirth room? Do they have the same kind of luxury network that upper and middle class women have?Did they eagerly pursue their luckier sister to the hospital? Even though the author cannot be held responsible for setting up limits on her complete study, these questions can make up an exciting follow to her book. However Brought to Bed is an astonishing donation to the women history and also of medicines. It does really tell about the tra nsfer from a self done childbirth to a childbirth done medically. Reference page †¢ Judith Walzer Leavitt (1988) Brought to Bed: Childbearing in America, 1750-1950. Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA

Honor Thy Father and Mother: an Essay Concerning the Condition of Elderly Care in the United States Essay

In the world we live in, we grow up and get older. It’s a sad and simple fact that we can’t be young forever. When we are growing up, we are cared for by our parents, relatives, and many more people. They care for us because at that point in our lives, we didn’t know how to take care of ourselves. As we grew older we learned how to care for ourselves and no longer necessarily needed the help of those other people. There comes a point in our aging process that we begin to forget how to care for ourselves or lose the means to do it alone. Usually what will happen is the family that you have left will either hire someone to care for you in your own home or move you to a nursing facility. Jean Marcusson is an 88 year old woman. She has three kids (one of which is my mother). In May of 2013 she was diagnosed with congestive heart failure. Shortly after it became apparent that she wasn’t able to care for herself in her own home. She was having trouble rememberin g who people were, where she was, and sometime she would forget what she was doing. There were instances where she turned on the stove to boil water for tea, but forgot to put water in the kettle. Abother, when she attended my graduation she didn’t know whose graduation it was. It’s tough for her family to help her when they all have their own lives to lead. Her daughters and son have spent a lot of their time this summer taking care of her, but it is growing old. After a month of taking care of her for a month in her home, the doctors decided that she needed to be put in a rehab center. Immediately after that she was moved into the John Knox Rehab Facility. She was confused, nothing seemed right to her. Her first thought was that she was in a hotel. At that point we began to realize that she was suffering from dementia. She couldn’t tell the difference between her children or grandchildren. She couldn’t remember whether or not her husband was alive or where she lived before arriving at the rehab facility. A few weeks into her stay at John Knox, Jean came down with very serious pneumonia. The doctors decided to move her back to Lee’s Summit Medical Center. Speculation led doctors to believe that she caught it at the rehab center. Once she got better, they moved her back into the facility. She seemed to be doing well, until there was a day when she was completely dehydrated and wouldn’t leave her bed. At first they couldn’t figure out what was wrong. My mom was sitting with her that night and found some pills on the floor. It became apparent that when the nurse brought her pills to her in the morning that she would throw them on the floor once the nurse left the room. The whole episode left her family very upset with the quality of care she was receiving. Another incident was when she decided to go to the restroom without alerting a nurse and fell on her way there. Being old and fragile, she bruised very easily and this fall left the right side of her face blackened . The condition she was in at the rehab center left us to wonder how she could ever live by herself at her home again. Insurance only covered her staying in the rehab center until the end of August. For her to live in her home again, we would have to hire full time nurses that would be there 24/7 to look after her. That’s something that just won’t fly for her, plus it’s expensive. For a nurse to be at her house caring for her eight hours a day, it would cost $5,000 a month. So you can imagine how much 24 hours a day would cost. In my opinion, the rehab center didn’t help Jean at all. I would say it made her worse. Her anxiety developed when they made her leave her home and her dementia got much worse from there. In the year 2000, two thousand nursing homes were studied. The findings reported that 44% said they had been abused. 95% said they had been neglected or had seen another resident be neglected. The National Center of Elder Abuse (NCEA) shows the majority of elderly abuse is physically, resident to resident, or psychological. Nearly 1 in 3 nursing homes have been cited for violating national standards for treatment of the elderly. Over 50% of nursing home staff has admitted to mistreating older patients through violence, mental abuse, and neglect, two thirds of those incidents involved neglect. A survey of Certified Nursing Assistants (CNA) found that 17% of CNAs had pushed or grabbed a nursing home resident, 51% had reported yelling at a resident, and 23% had sworn at residents. A U.S. GAO report to Congress states â€Å"Our work shows that nursing home residents need both stronger and more immediate protections. More should be done to protect nursing home residents.† Another issue I would like to discuss is abuse of the elderly by family or friends. There are some families in this world who have older people in their families who can no longer take care of themselves; to the family these people are vulnerable. The family will begin to care for the elderly person and expect compensation of some sort. Many drug abusers look to take money from the parents or grandparents and are the most likely to abuse a relative. 66% of elderly abuse cases are caused by adult children or spouses. 42% of murder victims over the age of 60 were murdered by their own o ffspring. While we can all agree that abuse of the elderly is a despicable act. It is possible to slightly justify the actions of the abusers. Elderly people aren’t the most enjoyable people to take care of. I can provide a small testimony to that as I work in fast food and I am often given a lot of crap from elderly customers. Honestly, there is no good way to justify elderly abuse, while the actions of the abusers may seem justifiable to them, they aren’t. You can’t justify abusing anyone, but I understand that the abuser had a reason to do what they did that may have seemed right to them. Jean Marcusson’s case is different though, the things she dealt with at John Knox might not have been on purpose. Even if they were, there is nothing we can do to prove it and it would be a waste of time to try. Ensuring that the people that made those mistakes are punished won’t make Jean any better. It severely disturbs me that a person can be okay with hurting a person, especially an elderly one. It amazes me that our parents or other relatives raise us and teach us how to live. Yet when they become old and need our help some refuse because they think that you shouldn’t rely on other people to take care of you. What would have happened had our parents just left us to fend for ourselves and learn the ropes of surviving in this world. We would probably be dead or much different than we are now, that is something I don’t want to imagine. Take care of the elderly as if you were in their position and wanted someone to take care of you. You’ll probably be in that position someday and expect someone to be there to help you.

Comic Strip Lesson Plan Essay

In this lesson the students will discuss memories in front of the class that they enjoy remembering; along with their speech they will present their interpretation of the memory through art. It will also help with their public speaking skills. Objectives: * I want the students to learn how to give a short presentation in front of the classroom. Materials and Technologies (Teacher and student): Teacher notes for lessons. Students will need comic strip sheets, color pencils, crayons, and markers. Preparation of the room: I will put the needed comic strip paper on each students desk. If the students have any of their own crayon, color pencils, or markers they will have them on their desk. All of the classroom crayon, color pencils, or markers on a small table in front center of the classroom, along with extra comic strip paper. Artist (s): – Roy Lichtenstein; comic strip type art – Maya Lin; demonstration of longstanding memories in art work. Artmaking medium: color pencils, crayons, and markers. (Not all must be used on project if not desired by student.) Instruction (Activities and Procedures): Be very specific!!! Opening: â€Å" Today we will be discussing memories that are special to each of us. We will also be presenting our memories to the class through a short speech, and a comic strip drawing.† Attention Grabber (Anticipatory set): For an attention grabber I as the teacher would present my own comic strip, and present a fond memory of my own. This memory would be one that is possibly embarrassing or funny so I could loosen the class up about presenting their own memories. Tap into prior knowledge: I can ask if any of them have ever had to speak in front of a crowd. How did they feel? Did they enjoy? Or if they didn’t, why? Introduction of artist: For Roy Lichtenstein I will tell about his part in Pop Art. I will show them â€Å"Masterpiece† It shows how the comic strips were drawn, and they should resemble there own. I will also show Maya Lin, and her Vietnam Memorial. This shows how the memory of someone or an event is not forgotten if there is art to remember it with. Art making activity: The student will have a 4-6 panels strips of paper. On the strip they will draw there recollection of a particular memory. They will do this with color pencils, crayons, and markers. If less or more panels are needed the adductions will be made. Closure: We will end the lesson with each student presenting their comic with a short presentation. Interdisciplinary connections: This lesson will connect with writing/spelling, because the student will have to have some dialogue/description on the comic. It will also connect with reading, because they will have to read the comic in front of the class as part of their presentation. Accommodating individual differences: To meet the needs of all students, I will make sure that all needed materials are readily available and easily assessable. Feedback: How and what manner will you provide feedback to students. I will give feedback on a comment sheet. On this sheet I will give marks for the students spelling on comic strip, the presentation, and on the drawing themselves.

“On Dumpster Diving” by Lars Eighner Essay

Introduction â€Å"On Dumpster Diving†-by Lars Eighner, is a story of a man discussing his life being homeless and how he came to acquire his livelihood by scavenging through dumpsters, or in the author’s words; Dumpster Diving. The story begins with Eighner telling us, the readers about how he was always fascinated with the word dumpster before being homeless and also while being homeless; how he forged food, beverages, and other miscellaneous items in public dumpsters. Lars Eighner tells us nothing of how he became homeless, but he tells the life of him and his wife (Lizbeth) as Dumpster Divers. In this passage Eighner discusses the topics of shame, and pride. I will write about both of these themes in two separate paragraphs, while showing both are relevant to us as college students. â€Å"Dumpster Diving† talks about many college students and how wasteful they can be; especially when it is unnecessary. Lars Eighner said, â€Å"Students throw food away around breaks becau se they do not know whether it has spoiled or will spoil before they return†. Eighner also says, â€Å"Some students, and others, approach defrosting a freezer by chucking out the whole lot†. (Page 22) The story of this man’s life is and should be humbling, also simultaneously a life lesson for us all to follow as an example of how to be frugal and appreciate all that we possess. Pride The theme of pride was the first topic Eighner discussed when referring to a dumpster diver. â€Å"At first the new scavenger is filled with disgust and self-loathing. He is ashamed of being seen and may lurk around†. Eighner- (Page 23) The scavenger or dumpster diver is showing that he or she has pride, although in need they are conscious of what society might think of them. Eighner also speaks of pride in a different sense as well. He shows us that by the refuse of others, the items being discarded is also pride in the ones that have more than enough. To the readers Eighner shows us their apathy for what they have and how they take it for granted; as if these things will always be available. Pride is a terrible thing to have at times. Society looks at those who ask for assistance or a helping hand as weak; but it takes a strong individual to set pride to the curve and ask for help.  Just as the dumpster diver scavenging through the trash; although it seems disgusting, when in need one must do what one has to. Shame The next theme which was discussed was shame; but in a more subliminal way. Eighner- â€Å"I live from the refuse of others. I am a scavenger. I think it a sound and honorable niche†. (Page 20) Eighner always made the term dumpster diver seem elegant. This word for many would imply filthiness, and impoverished. Eighner subtly edifies the word to hide the shame that was felt from the memories of being homeless and eating out of the trash; one would naturally do the same as Eighner. Shame is something that is felt by all at different points in our lives just as the â€Å"divers† felt. Eighner tells us that â€Å"While Lizbeth and I lived in a shack we began to eat from the dumpsters†. (Page 20) Eighner felt shame and embarrassment from the things he and Lizbeth were doing. While reading about this particular time in Eighner’s life, there is no way that anyone could not be humbled by his words. This way of living is well below modest; it is almost unreal the way he lived. It is impossible to fathom how this can be; and that is what Eighner wants us to realize. Eighner wants us as the readers to not see the trouble of people’s shame but the struggle from the shame, because we should appreciate where we are now, no matter how difficult life is or may seem; because it could always be worse. Pride and Shame As we take a look at both themes Eighner shows how they both coincide in reference to the dumpster diver. In the life of a dumpster diver Eighner explains how he felt pride and a sense of being in a better state of living as opposed to those more fortunate; and he explains how he felt shame as he was reduced to this decadence. In one particular memory Eighner says, â€Å"Every bit of glass may be a diamond, they think, and all that glisters, gold†. (Page 24)Now in this sense Eighner talks about how particular dumpster divers take everything they see of some value and they go over board; but nonetheless they take pride in the things that others call trash. Eighner himself speaks of how he took pride in his vast findings. â€Å"I am grateful, however, for the number of good books and magazines the students throw out†. (Page 26)Although Eighner talks about pride he shows us the shame that lies  in dumpster diving and how they are closely related. Eighner- â€Å"Dumpster diving is outdoor work, often surprisingly pleasant†. (Page 27) â€Å"I have no better place for her than a dumpster. And after all, it is fitting, since for most of her life her livelihood has come from the dumpster†. (Page 26) Now even though Eighner finds joy in his life, he also finds discomfort and embarrassment. Pride and Shame coincide and simultaneously differ; and the two emotions left Eighner ambivalent about him and Lizbeth’s future. Conclusion After reading â€Å"On Dumpster Diving† I am inclined to agree with Eighner, â€Å"Take what you can use and let the rest go†. (Page 27) In life if we use or take more than we truly need, we never learn the value of things nor do we learn to appreciate them. I believe this because I have been given so much in life and used so little, whether it was food, money or time. I believe that us as Americans waste so much that we have forgotten the value of truly living and remembering others less fortunate; I know I have. While reading this passage it has changed my outlook on life and how much I consume and will consume in the future. I believe I will use less and appreciate what I do have, while encouraging others to do the same. Also while reading I felt remorse and sympathy for those less fortunate like Eighner. In conclusion this story is very touching and uplifting. Eighner shows us that no matter what life may throw our way we can survive and beat the odds, no matter how much they are against us.

What Factors Contribute to a Successful Computer-Based After-School Dissertation

What Factors Contribute to a Successful Computer-Based After-School Programm for At-Risk Children in an Urban Middle School - Dissertation Example The scope of this work is focused on whether the participation in an after-school program is beneficial to at-risk middle school students. This topic is important because there is a need for increasing the amount of time in which students are involved in educational activities beyond the regular school day. In these days of increased budget constraints any program that is competing for funding will have to be able to prove its efficacy. Having data to support the impact on academics of at-risk students will be beneficial to the program which requires funding, the entity which will supply the funding, and the students themselves as they will be able to determine if their time and/or money will be well-spent. This was a research project using interviews and reviews of academic progress reports/report cards. These methods allowed the researcher to not only establish a baseline as far as the students’ grades are concerned but allowed for a look at the students’ points-of-vi ew of the program. The interviews took place at a middle school. The findings show that participation in the after-school program led to improvements in academic performance in math. However, there were also several additional benefits as a result of the participation in terms of feelings, attitudes and behavior. ... I would like to dedicate this dissertation to my parents, Theodore and Patricia Wilson for their encouragement and support in what has turned out to be one of my greatest journeys. Without the additional support and understanding of my family and friends, this dissertation would not be in existence. Acknowledgements I would like to express my appreciativeness to my committee chair and mentor, Dr. E. Alana James, for her constant inspiration, feedback, and reinforcement. Thank you to Dr. Camilla Ferebee and Dr. Thea Williams for serving stupendously as my dissertation committee members. Their valued suggestions and knowledge have guided me through this wonderful three year journey. Table of Contents Abstract II Dedication III Acknowledgements IV Table of Contents IV Chapter I: Introduction of the Study 1 Background of the Study 1 Problem Statement 2 Purpose of the Study 3 Research Questions 3 Early Signs of Need of Extended Day Learning 4 Key Terms 4 Assumptions, Limitations, Scope, a nd Delimitations 5 Assumptions of the Study 5 Limitations of the Study 5 Scope of the Study 5 Delimitations of the Study 6 Significance of the Study 6 Summary 6 Chapter II: Review of the Literature 7 Introduction 7 History of After-school Programs 7 No Child Left Behind 10 Federal Role of Out-of-School Learning 12 At-Risk Students 14 Computer Usage in After-school Programs 15 Attendance and Academic Success 17 Benefits of Math After-School Programs 18 Summary 18 Chapter III: Methodology 20 Introduction 20 Research Questions and Hypotheses 20 Research Questions 20 Hypotheses 21 Background and Purpose 21 Methodological Design 22 Participants 24 Data Collection and Analysis 24 Consent and Confidentiality 26 Assumptions and Limitations 26 Summary 27 Chapter IV: Results 27

Despite most currencies being convertible why does countertrade Essay

Despite most currencies being convertible why does countertrade persist, illustrate your answer with examples of different types of countertrade - Essay Example Since its manifestation in East-West trade in the midst of 1970, countertrade has increased and widened geographically to the entire world – the number of dealings actually increasing year-by-year. As well as the worldwide development, the formats of countertrade have also stepped forward to have room for the incompatible financial – despite considering this in mind that all currencies is now being convertible – needs and repayment capabilities of selling groups (Francis, Dick, 1987). Therefore, means of payment have incorporated relocations of varied assets with monetary worth for example the deliverances of substantial products (e.g., utensils, goods); services (transport, building); insolvency of lien equipment (debt paper); and equity contributions (Francis, Dick, 1987). The arrangements of countertrade may serve up periodically; readily available currencies, advertising, or public policy are the major objectives of trading parties and their governments. The custom is virtually always influenced by some form of government study or interference, and is ever more a reality of doing business with agencies that are buying when the noteworthy dollar value national procurements are involved (Francis, Dick, 1987). Countertrading is also eminent as a means of financing in global trade. For those underdeveloped or developing nations that have deficiencies of hard currencies or whose national currencies are not exchangeable to other sorts of foreign country exchange, countertrading offers a solid way of financing imports (Paun, Dorothy A, January 1997, 41 50). By selling their import goods to various corporations in developed nations, developing nations also profit by discovering new export marketplaces. Those dealers in developed nations who are ready to countertrade have established that it heighten their businesses. By being flexible in the sort of currency or payment they are going to be given, corporations that

Possibility article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Possibility article - Essay Example The Corp vigorously attempts to contain the outbreak of the T-virus. The T-virus is â€Å"the only known Umbrella-made virus that possesses the ability to infect almost all known animal and plant species. The extreme degeneration of intelligence is also dependant on species, as Eliminators are known to possess much more intelligence than zombies and are capable of understanding orders.  In humans, t-virus infection is only 90% effective, with the remaining 10% of the population having a natural immunity to the virus, even when directly bitten by a Zombie. As well as this, the rate of the infection is unique to each person, and can be influenced by several factors which may speed up or slow down infection† (Project Umbrella, n.d.). Does the T-virus have possibilities of existence? The film shows that people can turn into parasite victims that are mindless and zombie-like slaves. Thus, there is what you call Toxoplasmosa Gondii parasite that seems to give the same effect that can lead to such terrifying holocaust. â€Å"Human and rat brains share the same basic anatomy and neurotransmitterrs, which is why rats are common in human drug expirements.

Compare and Contrast of Administrative Law Term Paper

Compare and Contrast of Administrative Law - Term Paper Example The Congress has enacted a number of laws since the beginning of the 20th century to address the issue of bureaucracy. These prohibitions are inclusive of a 1913 repeal that sought to ban the hire of â€Å"publicity experts,† a 1951 ban on the agency spending on spending on publicity and propaganda, and a 2005 the ban on video news, with a provision that allowed the release of such videos if the source was willing to be identified as the originator. Scholars have described the evident Congress antagonism to public relations in public administration as part of an institutional planned push back by the legislature to the natural tendency of government agencies to seek autonomy. This has offered public administrators with an opportunity to mobilize support in an effort to increase autonomy of the agencies and reduction of the Congressional advantage over it (Lee, 2009). The congress in 1919 enacted a law that criminalized lobbying of the law-making agency. Funny enough, legislato rs cited the law when disagreeing on particular activities o f the agency but not a single prosecution was enacted by the by the US department of justice. The law however was revised in 2002 that decriminalized agency lobbying by the congress, but retained the provisions of engaging in such activities. Crisis Bureaucracy Bureaucratic structure is responsible for shaping the legal interpretations and regulatory decisions of agencies, offering a framework through which modern governments operate, and it is due to this reason that Policymakers fight to effect the necessary legislations. The article discusses two new issues that harbor important implications for lawyers and political scientists, which encompass how of legislative process responds during a crisis and the underlying uncertainties that surround major bureaucratic reorganizations. The result of this perspective illustrates how agencies make use of their administrative power and how they interpret their legal mandates. As cr ises enlarge opportunities for legislative action, changes in homeland security policies are mostly driven by the efforts of politicians who try to effect regulatory and administrative activities in various domains of the said sector. Changes in the nature of and scope of security policy may have adverse effects on other legal domains Coast Guards environmental regulatory functions or the application of laws in immigration departments of the country. Politicians cunningly use the occasion of legislation to force changes in other areas that have little to do with the principle issue being addressed (Cohen, et al 2006). A possible reason why the president changed his mind about the reorganization of the systems may be because he did not want to be part of the loosing side. The Administration appears to support such a move to further domestic policy priorities hat are independent of the homeland security. Such changes put the president’s legacy into question, more significantly fixing the precise extent to which the president and his top advisors knowingly planned to weaken the domestic legacy without paying attention to the corresponding homeland security benefits. Optimal Political Control of the Bureaucracy This article argues that a bureaucratic insulation degree from political control processes that is moderated by law increases rather than reduces the majority of

Civil and Construction Engineering, Building Studies and Fire Essay

Civil and Construction Engineering, Building Studies and Fire Engineering - Essay Example National Academy for Professional Training I would like to acknowledge National Academy for Professional Training for providing consultants to assist me in the visit to The Torch Hotel. 1.0 Introduction The topic I have chosen for my final dissertation for Civil and Construction Engineering Building Studies and Fire Engineering is a review of The Torch Hotel in The State of Qatar against the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Standards applicable and the standards implemented in The State of Qatar. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) has been selected as the best practiced standard for my project due to The State of Qatar implementing NFPA as standard requirements for new buildings in The State of Qatar. The Civil Defence Department in The State of Qatar has recently adopted the NFPA standards and based on such my dissertation on The Torch Hotel will identify if the already completed and approved inspection from the Civil Defence meets the standards set forth by NFPA and any other relevant standards applied by the Civil Defence in The State of Qatar. It has been noted that although the local government Civil Defence has adopted NFPA standards for new building requirements, the equipment used by the Civil Defence is based on British Standards and European Standards. Further reviews shall take place during the dissertation on the differences for certain connection requirements on breeching inlets and hydrants. British Standard Connections are different to NFPA standard connections on hose lines. The Civil Defence Introduction The fire service in The State of Qatar is managed by the General Directorate for Civil Defence, a uniformed service organisation under the Ministry of Interior. The General Directorate for the Civil Defence was named as the â€Å"Extinguishing Police Section† during its creation in 1955. Its name was then changed to â€Å"Civil Defence Department† in 1991 and finally to its present name, General Directorate for Civil Defence in 2005. The General Directorate for Civil Defence is generally mandated by law to discharge the following: - Enforcement of Qatar Fire Safety Regulation through the conduct of review and evaluation of building plans and fire safety inspections on all buildings and/or structure prior to issuance of occupancy or renewal permits. - Respond to fire and emergency calls - Promote public fire safety awareness - Review, approval for certification of fire equipment or any other fire safety standards//requirements before they are installed or distributed in the market. 2.0 Background Code Enforcement and Inspection Procedures At present, Qatar has no Fire Code yet being enforced. The GDCD has adopted the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Codes and Standards to be its referenced Code/standards in the enforcement of fire safety regulations and practices in Qatar. GDCD on its part has a Fire Safety Standards to supplement the NFPA requirements. The local Fire Safety Sta ndard is somewhat generalized in its form and has deviations or modifications against some sections in the NFPA. These modifications are aimed for the purpose of making some enhancement to suit with the country’s special requirements and added safety as well. In cases where a conflict between the requirements under the NFPA Code/Standards and local fire safety standard occurs, the requirements from the latter must prevail and should be followed. Building Plan Review and Evaluation The

Resistance to Change Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Resistance to Change - Research Paper Example Robbin (2005) highlights, that one of the causes of organizational resistance to change is structural inertia. In organizations, there are structures, which are built to ensure stability of the firm such as recruitment, training and selection structures etc. these structures are used systematically in the organization to achieve desired goals. When change is introduced in the organization, these structures can inhibit or cause resistance to change so that they can sustain previous stability in the organization (Robbins, 2005). Secondly, group resistance can also cause organizational resistance to change, considering they are made of groups of employees who have norms and cultures, and they can inhibit change in the organization. If people are organized in groups, then any change made by the organization can be resisted because members have influence on each other. The third cause of resistance to change is the threat of established management and power structures in the organization (Sadhu, 2009). There are groups in the organization, which controls the flow of resources, and they might see change as a threat to their power hence resisting the change. These groups are normally comfortable with current situations in organizations and any attempts of change can be resisted with ease because they control the resources and power. Lastly, poor communications in the organization can cause resistance to change