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Beowulf Theme Traditions and Customs - 1380 Words

Beowulf: Traditions and Customs A huge theme in the story of Beowulf involves the traditions and customs of the people because characters are repeatedly asked to tell about themselves, always rewarded for sacrificing for the greater good, and constantly showing loyalty to their king or leader. When traveling to another land, the traveler is asked to state his name, family, home,and purpose. If something is done for the good of the king and the people, those warriors are rewarded with praise, treasures, and long-lasting relationships. In life and in death, the folk never fail to show loyalty and appreciation to their leader. Common traditions such as how folk from different lands approach and greet each other, how people display†¦show more content†¦Hygelac s brother was killed in a battle between the Geats and the Swedes, and while they were still fighting, Hygelac was trying to get revenge. Two men, Eofor and Wulf, assisted in the killing of his brother s killer. Hygelac promised them wealth and gave them each huge masses of land and linked rings. He honored Eofor with â€Å"his only daughter in pledge of grace, the pride of his home...† (Gummere, Ch.39). Hidden inside all of this wealth, praise, and gratitude is another traditional characteristic frequently shown. While receivers of the good deeds are showing appreciation, the givers are displaying a tremendous amount of honor and loyalty throughout the poem. Some acts of loyalty are minor. For example, Beowulf s battle with Grendel s mother took longer than expected. The Danes gave up on waiting for the warrior, despite the great amount of loyalty he had shown them, but his men stayed by his side and â€Å" sat on,stared at the surges,sick in heart, and wished, yet weened not, their winsome lord again to see...† (Gummere, Ch.23). Another small loyal motion was made in the battle between Beowulf and the dragon. When the odds were in the dragons favor, all of his comrades ran for safety in the woods, â€Å"but the soul of one with care cumbered. Kinship true can never be marred in a noble mind..† (Gummere, Ch.33). Remembering the trust and honor his king had for his warriors, Wiglaf went in after his lord and ended up weakening the dragon and inspiringShow MoreRelatedPaganism In B eowulf953 Words   |  4 PagesPaganism in Beowulf Beowulf was composed when England was transitioning from a pagan to a Christian culture. In chapter 3 of A Little History of Literature, it is said that Beowulf was likely written by a Christian monk who inserted Christian themes into the story. This is why Beowulf reflects both Christian and pagan views. These two religions and their elements affect the story in different ways. There are pagan views of fate and fame in Beowulf, but there are also Christian themes of humilityRead More Beowulf Attacks the Dragon Essays1576 Words   |  7 PagesBeowulf Attacks the Dragon. Beowulf makes his final boast. He says that, even though he is old, he shall â€Å"still seek battle, perform a deed of fame† by killing the dragon. (Norton59) He doesnt know how to grapple with the dragon, like he did with Grendel, so he will use a sword and shield. He tells his men that the outcome will be â€Å"with us at the wall as fate allots, the ruler of every man.† (59) He tells them to let him fight the monster alone, â€Å"By my courage I will get gold, orRead MoreCulture Is Defined As The Internet And Mass Media1582 Words   |  7 PagesCulture is defined as â€Å"the beliefs, customs, arts, etc., of a particular society, group, place, or time† (Merriam Webster, 2015). Different continents, from Far East Asia to the West Most point of the Antarctica, holds their own unique traditions and cultures. Modern form of communication, such as the internet and mass media, had exposed us to various different cultures, thousands miles away from us, enabling us to see with our own eyes their practices and traditions. Despite that, does the images andRead More A Comparison of Beowulf and Icelandic Sagas Essay1938 Words   |  8 PagesBeowulf and Icelandic Sagas  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are many similarities between the hero of the poem Beowulf and the heroes of the two Icelandic sagas, The Saga of The Volsungs and The Saga of King Hrolf Kraki. The former saga is an Icelandic saga representing oral traditions dating back to the fourth and fifth centuries, when Attila the Hun was fighting on the northern fringes of the Roman Empire; the latter is an Icelandic saga representing 1000 years of oral traditions prior to theRead More12 Literary Piece1670 Words   |  7 Pagesworld. It contains the history of religion in India. 5. Canterburry: it depicts the religion and customs of English in early days. This originated from England and written by Chaucer. 6. Uncle Toms Cabin: written by Harriet Beecher Stowe of US. This depicted the sad fate of slaves. This became the basis of democracy. 7. The Divine Comedy: (A Dante of Italy). This shows the religion and customs of early Italians. 8. El Cid Comedy: This shows the cultural characteristics of Spaniards andRead MoreThe Analysis and Comparison of the Themes of Beowulf, The Odyssey and Other Related Epics2553 Words   |  11 Pagesor historical hero. Epics like Beowulf and The Odyssey are perfect examples of this definition; they are each centered on the deeds and triumphs of their heroes, Beowulf and Odysseus. All epics are similar in a way that they are made up of elements. One major element of the epic is its themes. In all epics, the themes are what make and mold these narrative poems, they descriptively outline the story. Most epics, like Beowulf and The Odyssey, have themes like battles, homecoming, identityRead MoreAnglo-Saxon Heroic Poetry5673 Words   |  23 PagesOld English poetry is divided into two types: the Heroic, the sources of which are pre-Christian Germanic myth, history and custom; and the Christian. Heroic, or Epic Poetry belongs to one of these two types and refers to long narrative poems celebrating the great deeds of one or more legendary heroes, in a grand, ceremonious style. In its strict use by literary critics, the terms Heroic Poetry or Epic are applied to a work that meets the following criteria: such a poem must be related in anRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Beowulf 3700 Words   |  15 PagesJames Quimby Mrs. Morris AP English 2 September 2014 Summer Reading Assignment Beowulf 1. This epic poem is one of the first works composed in the English language. It also tells us about the Anglo-Saxon people who lived in England and their culture. What values did these people support? What ideals did they try to live by? How do their values compare to our values today? Try to find similarities between our culture and this ancient culture. Use examples from text to support your points. The Anglo-SaxonRead MoreTrace the Development of English Lit During Any One Period...as Part of Your Discussion Highlight How Significant Events in the Influence the Writing...Additionally Show How Characteristics of the Genre the Writer Uses3085 Words   |  13 Pageswas no real concept of patriotism or loyalty to a cause. â€Å"Kings could not, except in exceptional circumstances, make new laws. Their role instead was to uphold and clarify previous custom. The first act of a conquering king was often to assure his subjects that he would uphold their ancient privileges, laws, and customs† (David Ross.) One of the most famous kings during the Anglo-Saxon period was Ethelberht, king of Kent (reigned c.560-616). He married Bertha, the Christian daughter of the king ofRead MoreA Comparison of Christian Influence on Beowulf and The Saga of King Hrolf Kraki2779 Words   |  12 PagesChristian Influence on Beowulf and The Saga of King Hrolf Kraki  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Beowulf the Christian influence is revealed through approximately 70 passages in which the form of expression or the thought suggests Christian usage or doctrine (Blackburn 3); The Saga of King Hrolf Kraki is in its own way infused with Christian values even though it preserves remnants of the cult of Odin.    The Christian element seems to be too deeply interwoven in the text of Beowulf for us to suppose that

Strategic Management of JB Hi-Fi Organization-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Management of is JB Hi-Fi Organization. Answer: Introduction The act of strategic management is concerned with the formulation as well as implementation of the important initiatives of the company. The act of strategic management is an important job role of the top management of a firm (Rothaermel, 2015). The strategic management is done on the basis of considering the key resources of the company and understanding the external as well as internal environment. The act of strategic management for the organization concerns with the direction of the enterprise as well as takes into consideration the organizational objectives (Rothaermel, 2015). A basic strategy is defined as analytical process which is formalized process that underlines the long-term goals of the concerned company (Hill, Jones Schilling, 2014).The modern-day organizations need to implement excellent strategies so that they can survive well in the market. This essay would focus on the strategic management of the selected organization. The organization selected for the purpose of study is JB Hi-Fi, which is one of the largest Australian retailers of the consumer goods. The theoretical concepts pertaining to strategic management would be discussed. The influence of these theoretical criteriawould be applied for the selected organization. These evaluations would be observed in detail and critical reflective analysis would be done which would improve the strategic management of the firm. Discussion The organization selected for the purpose of study is JB Hi-Fi, which has been in the news in the last six months. This is because of the fact that the company has taken sufficient strategic management steps in order to be ahead in the market prior to the arrival of Amazon. Amazon is making an entry to the markets and hence JB has decided to prepare itself well so that it can give tough competition (Peppard Ward 2016). The company is aiming to replicate the in-store experience of the store which would enhance the loyalty of the customers. The company is also planning to launch a store on the marketplace of Amazon in order to gain higher visibility and thus high profits. JB Hi-Fi is considered as the most successful business operating in Australia and it was established on 1974(Jbhifi.com.au, 2017). The main headquarters of the brand is located at Melbourne, Australia and it is located in around 194 locations (Jbhifi.com.au, 2017). It has engaged in acquiring Clive Anthonys chain, Hill and Stewart chain, The Good Guys and others (Jbhifi.com.au, 2017).The main products of the brand includes the consumer goods, which includes the DVD, CDS, hardware, home appliances and others. The primary competitors of the brand include David Jones, Harvey Norman, Myer and others (Jbhifi.com.au, 2017). The operating revenues of the brand are A$ 221 million in the year 2016 and it has an annual profit of A$152 million (Jbhifi.com.au, 2017). The company engages in a wide number of acquisitions for the strategic gain of the firm. There are important concepts pertaining to the strategic management in an organizational scenario. The strategic management is concerned with the analysis of the external as well as internal environment. It is also concerned with the evaluation and the implementation of the important directions for the company (Rothaermel, 2015). The strategic objectives are being formed by taking into account the strategic vision of the company. The Schendel and Hofer model is concerned with a unique strategy management model which takes into account the planning as well as controlling function of the organizations (Segato, 2016). The model comprises of several steps, which are outlined below- Goal formulation- As opined by Chrisman (2015), the act of strategy formulation is concerned with the identification of the broad objectives of the firm and how they are related with the organizational mission (Rothaermel, 2015). The determination of goals and its relation with the eternal marketing environment would help in the formulation of suitable marketing plan. Environmental analysis- The external environmental analysis is concerned with the identification of the key elements that has the probability of affecting the performance of the organization (Epstein Buhovac, 2014). This analysis is helpful in understanding the various threats or opportunities present in the external market. Formulation of strategy is responsible for achieving the business objectives of the firm. The formulation of appropriate strategy is concerned with understanding of the objectives of the firm (Rothaermel, 2015). The first step is concerned with the setting up of organizational objectives. The strategies should be formulated by taking into account the divisional plans (Eccles, Ioannou Serafeim, 2014). The performance analysis is also important for understanding the various parameters of the strategy and subsequent implications on the organization. Strategy evaluation - It is important to evaluate the implemented strategy so that it fulfills the strategic objectives of the form (Stanway, Hart Taylor, 2013). The different parameters of this step include the through detection of the strategy so that it meets the organizational mission (Epstein Buhovac, 2014). It is important to fix a benchmark of the performance and measure the performance accordingly. Strategy implementation- The implementation of the strategy is important as per the original laid down protocols. It is a process which turns the strategies into actual course of action (Wheelen Hunger, 2017). It can be seen that 86% of the business managers spend less time in this aspect, which makes them to fail in this step. Strategic control- This step is concerned with the actual formation as well as execution of the various strategic plans (Epstein Buhovac, 2014). This form of control is considered to be a specialized form of management control in which there is full focus on the strategic initiatives undertaken by the firm. The second most important concept in strategic management is considered with the idea of Strategic fit. The strategic fit is concerned with the degree to which the organization would match with the external opportunities of the firm (Prajogo, 2016). This kind of matching does take place through the implementation of strategy and the rightutilization of the strategies. The strategic fit can be used as the current strategic positioning of the company so that they get sufficient opportunities (Epstein Buhovac, 2014). This strategic fit is usually based on the present strategic position of the firm and the resource based view is also utilized in this process. There is the development of a unique proposition of capabilities and resources of a firm that can be combined to create competitive advantage. The aspect of strategic fit is important since it would help in efficient resource allocation by the firm. The third most important concept in strategic management deals with the idea of sustainable competitive advantage (Prajogo, 2016). In the modern business framework, it has become imperative to give innovative and value-added products to the customers so that they can continue to purchase products or avail the services of the same company(Prajogo, 2016). This is because of the fact that there is a large number of competitors in the market (Liu, 2013). The firms would be able to gain competitive advantage if they are able to create value added strategies, which has not been implemented by any other competitor(Prajogo, 2016). The strategies should be valuable, rare and they should be unique enough to penetrate fast among the masses. The sustainable competitive advantages should be features which the competitors would not be able to replicate easily. As opined by Huang, Dyerson and Harindranath(2015), the competitive strategies are some of the most important strategic options that needs to be adopted by companies so that they can maintain the market good will. It is most important to formulate policies that put a particular company ahead of the competitors (Nadarajah Latifah Syed Abdul Kadir, 2014). This would increase the brand loyalty as well as customers would be glued to this particular brand only. There could be variety of attributes that can be used for the purpose of creating competitive edge (Nadarajah Latifah Syed Abdul Kadir, 2014). The companies can invest in a good location, get good distribution channels, create good vendor relations, create unique merchandising, give good customer service and others (Nadarajah Latifah Syed Abdul Kadir, 2014). These would definitely help the company to be a favorable company among the target audience. The sustainable competitive advantage can be formed with the help of efficient human resources. The competitive advantage is determined by the level of performance of human performance (Cummings Worley, 2014). The fir ms performance is also measured by competitive advantage. A firm can achieve market leadership only with the help of this tool. JB Hi-Fi has successfully applied the above three strategic management concepts in their respective organizations. The company aims to provide integrated products as well as services in their business (Cummings Worley, 2014). The company has always strived for business growth and this would not have been possible without the help of proper strategic management. Though there is overall good implementation of the strategic management policies of the organization, but there are certain loopholes in their management process. The company applies the strategic management concepts in their day to day functioning. The senior management leaders are in the constant process of revising their strategy so that they can meet with the changing market dynamics (Cummings Worley, 2014). According to the first step of the Schendel and Hofer model, the company is particular about formulating goals and they are always particular about what they expect from their employees. The company always tries to link their corporate strategy with the overall organizational mission (Cummings Worley, 2014). They keep in mind that the company goals need to be revised from time to time so that the various changes can be accommodated. The company engages in extensive support from all levels of organization. It engages in regular feedback from the employees, which makes them to improve the strategic directions (Colgate, 2016). The company believes in the fact that the company decisions would be effective only if it is taken after consul ting with the employees. The company decisions are being undertaken by estimating the external environmental analysis. The external competitive analysis is being done and the level of competition is assessed by the company. The various threats of the external market are analyzed and suitable strategies are being undertaken (Shafiee, Lotfi Saleh, 2014). The organization is involved in the formulation of suitable strategies based on the internal as well as external environment. A lot of strategic control measures are being adopted by the company. A balanced scorecard approach has been adopted by the company where the performance of the organization is measured (Shafiee , Lotfi Saleh, 2014). It also believes in evaluating the internal performances of the employees so that they can give their maximum output to the organization. One of the primary drawbacks of the strategic management of the company is that the it spends less time on strategic implementation(Jbhifi.com.au, 2017). The implementation team of the firm is not strong enough and hence there are loopholes when it comes to implementing some strategies. Another strategic drawback of the firm was the poor gender diversity (Jbhifi.com.au, 2017). A small 39 percent of women are employed with JB Hi-Fi and a meagre 4% of them are employed in senior management level (Jbhifi.com.au, 2017). This has led to certain level of demotivation among the women workforce, which is not good for organizational growth. The organization takes no policies for encouraging more recruitment of the women employees. It is recommended that the company adopts regular assessment as well as reporting towards the various gender diversity objectives. It should try to bridge the existing disparity by bringing in strategic changes. There should be flexible work practices which would enable the women employees to work for a long time in senior management positions. It is also important that a proper strategy implementation team is formulated. This would be done by selecting senior members who have displayed good performance in the organization. This team should make sure that the formulated strategies are actually implemented in the organization. It is also important to focus more on the issue of gender diversity and make more women friendly policies. The world is becoming more progressive and hence it is important to implement gender diversity policies which would enhance the productivity of the firm (Conrad et al., 2018). The firm should strive to provide equal package to the employees especially femal es so that they can be motivated to work for a long time. There should also be the creation of a team that celebrates the facets of diversity and prioritizes the weaker gender. There should be equal attention to the success of the female professionals so that the deserving candidates get greater accomplishment in their workplace. The women employees should be encouraged so that they can continue with their job even after having their families. This would improve the gender diversity of the organization. It is also recommended that the company should engage in understanding the strategic fit of the firm. The external opportunities should be understood well so that the strategic modifications can be done accordingly. The Australian market is full of new business ventures and several companies are opening their stores there. Many multinational companies are opening their flagship stores. So, it is important for the company to assess the strategic position of the firm and promote themselves accordingly. The strengths of the competitors must be assessed so that the company is able to make suitable competitive policies. The company should stop assuming the universally applicable policies and instead try to focus on the customized policies that are suitable for the organization. There should be right combination of integration, development, production, administration and others for achieving business success. The business strategy should be molded in a manner that provides the maximum retu rns. It is also important to place importance on the supply chains of the firms. There would be uncertainty however, the company must be aware of the demands at each possible stage as well as select suitable level of responsiveness which would be suitable for each level. It is also important to understand the strategic fit between human resources and the organization. The human resources of JB Hi-Fi should be aligned with the strategic goals of the organization as this would increase the organizational capability of performing better. Conclusion The strategic management is concerned with the fulfillment of the organizational mission. It is involved with the analysis of the competitive environment and formulation of appropriate strategy. The organizations should know how to utilize their strengths and convert their weakness to strengths. The company should also know how to tap the opportunities that are presented to them. This essay discussed some of the critical concepts of strategic management and how they are applicable to a real organization. The three most important concepts of strategic management were discussed such as sustainable competitive advantage,strategic fit and the Schendel and Hofer model. The application of the strategic management concepts has been done in JB Hi-Fi and how it affects the organizational decisions is also being elaborated. The concluding part of the essay discussed about the probable strategic recommendations that should be taken by the company in order to be more sustainable organization. Th is would also give more revenue generation to the company. References Chrisman, J. J. (2015). Creating Value Through Skill-Based Strategy and Entrepreneurial Leadership.Journal of Small Business Strategy,12(1), 91-94. Colgate, M. (2016).8 Moments of Power in Coaching: How to Design and Deliver High-Performance Feedback to all Employees. Elevate Publishing. Conrad, K. A., van Niekerk, H., Karmarkar, S. S., Beier, S., Avila, F. J. R., Jenkins, D., Nxedhlana, V. (2018). Diversity Across Cultures. InDiversity and Inclusion in the Global Workplace(pp. 3-30). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. Cummings, T. G., Worley, C. G. (2014).Organization development and change. Cengage learning. Eccles, R. G., Ioannou, I., Serafeim, G. (2014). The impact of corporate sustainability on organizational processes and performance.Management Science,60(11), 2835-2857. Epstein, M. J., Buhovac, A. R. (2014).Making sustainability work: Best practices in managing and measuring corporate social, environmental, and economic impacts. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Hill, C. W., Jones, G. R., Schilling, M. A. (2014).Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. Huang, K. F., Dyerson, R., Wu, L. Y., Harindranath, G. (2015). From temporary competitive advantage to sustainable competitive advantage.British Journal of Management,26(4), 617-636. Jbhifi.com.au, (2017).JB Hi-Fi | Australias Largest Home Entertainment Retailer. [online] Available at: https://www.jbhifi.com.au [Accessed 24 Aug. 2017]. Liu, Y. (2013). Sustainable competitive advantage in turbulent business environments.International Journal of Production Research,51(10), 2821-2841. Nadarajah, D., Latifah Syed Abdul Kadir, S. (2014). A review of the importance of business process management in achieving sustainable competitive advantage.The TQM Journal,26(5), 522-531. Peppard, J., Ward, J. (2016).The strategic management of information systems: Building a digital strategy. John Wiley Sons. Prajogo, D. I. (2016). The strategic fit between innovation strategies and business environment in delivering business performance.International Journal of Production Economics,171, 241-249. Rothaermel, F. T. (2015).Strategic management. McGraw-Hill Education. Segato, G., 2016. The sharing economy. Shafiee, M., Lotfi, F. H., Saleh, H. (2014). Supply chain performance evaluation with data envelopment analysis and balanced scorecard approach.Applied Mathematical Modelling,38(21), 5092-5112. Stanway, G., Hart, W., Taylor, C. (2013). Overcoming Biases in Strategy Formulation.Virtual Consulting International. Wheelen, T. L., Hunger, J. D. (2017).Strategic management and business policy. pearson. Bibliography Covin, J. G., Slevin, D. P. (1989). Strategic management of small firms in hostile and benign environments.Strategic management journal,10(1), 75-87. Daspit, J. J., Chrisman, J. J., Sharma, P., Pearson, A. W., Long, R. G. (2017). A Strategic Management Perspective of the Family Firm: Past Trends, New Insights, and Future Directions.Journal of Managerial Issues,29(1), 6-29. David, F. R. (2011).Strategic management: Concepts and cases. Peaeson/Prentice Hall. Ehlers, T., Lazenby, K. (2004).Strategic management: Southern African concepts and cases. JL Van Schaik. Hitt, M. A., Ireland, R. D., Hoskisson, R. E. (2012).Strategic management cases: competitiveness and globalization. Cengage Learning. Miller, D., Friesen, P. H. (1983). Strategy?making and environment: the third link.Strategic management journal,4(3), 221-235.

Saaaa free essay sample

UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS GCE Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced Level MARK SCHEME for the November 2005 question paper 9708 ECONOMICS 9708/04 Paper 4, maximum raw mark 70 This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and students, to indicate the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were initially instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began. Any substantial changes to the mark scheme that arose from these discussions will be recorded in the published Report on the Examination. All Examiners are instructed that alternative correct answers and unexpected approaches in candidates’ scripts must be given marks that fairly reflect the relevant knowledge and skills demonstrated. Mark schemes must be read in conjunction with the question papers and the Report on the Examination. The minimum marks in these components needed for various grades were previously published with these mark schemes, but are now instead included in the Report on the Examination for this session. We will write a custom essay sample on Saaaa or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page †¢ CIE will not enter into discussion or correspondence in connection with these mark schemes. CIE is publishing the mark schemes for the November 2005 question papers for most IGCSE and GCE Advanced Level and Advanced Subsidiary Level syllabuses and some Ordinary Level syllabuses. Page 1 Mark Scheme GCE AS/A LEVEL – NOVEMBER 2005 Syllabus 9708 Paper 4 Section A 1 (a) What evidence is there in the article that the UK mobile phone companies operate in an imperfect market structure? Only four companies, can fix price, have product differentiation in the handsets, no perfect knowledge. (b) Explain the statement ‘one result will be that cross-subsidisation will disappear and the price of a new handset will go up considerably. Explanation of meaning of subsidising one product or service by the profits on another which itself may be overpriced. The removal of the subsidy will result in the price of the subsidised product increasing if profit levels are to be maintained. Often the subsidised product makes a loss but is produced because it is supplementary to other profit making products or services. (c) The article says the decision of the High Court will cost the companies ? 1. 5 billion to ? 2 billion. Explain how the phone companies might react in order to retain their profit levels. Could try to reduce labour costs, implement some redundancies, could stop research and development, could generally try to reduce costs or could try to increase revenue by promoting products through advertising. (d) Explain with the aid of a diagram how the existence of termination charges would affect consumer surplus. Termination charges are placed above the market level. Diagram should show a price above market clearing which will result in reduction in consumer surplus. 1 mark for D/S diagram correctly labelled; 1 for showing the reduced area of consumer surplus; 1 for explanation. e) Does the information lead you to agree with the spokesperson when he said that consumers should not necessarily regard the decision as a good thing? In consumers’ interest: they would save ? 700 but over next three years, price reduction would be on all calls. Against consumers’ interest: cost of telephone handset would rise; there is a fear of increased calls for text messages; possib ility of phone company finding some other way to keep profits high. [6] [4] [4] [3] [4]  © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2005 Page 2 Mark Scheme GCE AS/A LEVEL – NOVEMBER 2005 Syllabus 9708 Paper 4 General comments for Section B The essay questions carry a maximum mark of 25. Try not to bunch marks, but use the whole mark range. If there is any doubt in your mind, give the benefit of doubt to the candidate. The difference in grades should be assessed on the ability of the candidate to demonstrate the various objectives of the examination listed in the syllabus and not purely on the ability to itemise further facts from the content of the syllabus. Marks should be awarded for the ability to demonstrate that aim (b) of the syllabus has been achieved as well as aim (a) which refers to content knowledge. It is the objective of the examination, as listed in the syllabus, to assess both these aims. An overall guide for marks for individual questions is given below; these are from a total of 25. They may be applied proportionally of course to parts of questions where the total is less than 25: Mark 1 – 9 (Linked to level one in individual question notes). 1-5 where the answer is mostly irrelevant and only contains a few valid points made incidentally in an irrelevant context. There will also be substantial omissions of analysis. here the answer shows some knowledge but does not indicate that the meaning of the question has been properly grasped. Basic errors of theory or an inadequate development of analysis may be evident. 6–9 Mark 10 – 13 (Linked to level two in individual question notes). 10 –11 where there is evidence of an ability to identify facts or some ability at graphs and/or a fair ability to apply known laws to new situations. There should be an a ccurate although undeveloped explanation of the facts relating to the question together with an explanation of the theory, and evidence of some bility to discriminate and form elementary judgements. Do not expect a clear logical presentation. There will not be much evidence of the ability to recognise unstated assumptions, nor to examine the implications of a hypothesis, nor of the ability to organise ideas into a new unity. 12 – 13 where the answer has a more thorough relevance to the question but where the theory is incompletely explained.  © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2005 Page 3 Mark Scheme GCE AS/A LEVEL – NOVEMBER 2005 Syllabus 9708 Paper 4 14 17 (Linked to level 3 in individual question notes). 4 –15 where there is a good knowledge of the facts and theory of the question, clear evidence of the ability to use the facts and theory with accurate reference to the question that may have presented the candidate with a novel applicatio n. There should also be evidence, where appropriate, of the ability to examine the implications of the question and an attempt to distinguish between facts and value judgements. Clear statements, supported by reasoned arguments should be given and there should be some attempt at a conclusion to the question. There should be a reasoned structure to the whole answer. Do not expect too many extra Illustrative points which are not explicitly referred to in the question, do not expect too much critical comment on unstated assumptions 16 17 for an answer showing a well reasoned understanding of the questions requirements and of the relevant theory: the analysis should be sound though the illustration and development may not be very full. 18 25 (Linked to level 4 in individual question notes). 18 –20 where there is a thorough knowledge of the facts and theory with an excellent ability to describe, explain or analyse this in a precise, logical, reasoned manner. There should be an ability to query some of the assumptions in the question and clear evidence of an ability to distinguish between fact and value judgements and to draw some conclusions on the matter being discussed. Conclusions should be formed and expressed within a sound structured answer so that the whole is well presented. New illustrations and apposite examples should be introduced as further evidence of an ability to recognise the principles of the question and their application to relevant current situations. 1 25 for an answer which, given the time constraint, could not be improved significantly: it will have clear analysis, ample illustration and a good attempt at considered evaluation. Be positive in your marking, awarding marks for what is there without being too much influenced by omissions. Marks should not be deleted for inaccuracies. Corresponding marks for sub-sections. Total Mark 10 Total Mark 12 Total Mark 13 Total Mark 15 1 1-3 1-4 1-4+ 1-5 2 4-5 5-6 5-6+ 6-8 3 6-7 7-8 7-8+ 9-11 4 8-10 9-12 9-13 12-15  © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2005 Page 4 Mark Scheme GCE AS/A LEVEL – NOVEMBER 2005 Syllabus 9708 Paper 4 Section B 2 (a) Explain what is meant by efficient resource allocation in a free market. L4 L3 L2 L1 (b) For a sound explanation with clear understanding of the principles involved in the analysis. [8 – 10] For a competent explanation but with limited development of the analysis. [6 – 7] For a correct explanation of a free market but undeveloped explanation of allocative efficiency. [4 – 5] For an answer which has some basic correct facts but includes irrelevancies. Errors of theory or omissions of analysis will be substantial. 1 – 3] [10] Would you agree that in some circumstances it is best to accept the decision such as that of the French government and abandon the search for economic efficiency through the free market? [15] Discussion of the reason for market failure. Monopolies, merit goods, public goods. Consideration of whether this might apply in the case of the large engineeri ng company. L4 L3 L2 L1 For a reasoned discussion of causes of market failure and clearly structured answer. [12 – 15]. For a fair explanation of market failure but lack of development and reasoned conclusion. 9 – 11] For a limited but acceptable attempt to consider some market failures. [6 – 8] For an answer which has some basic correct facts but includes irrelevancies. Errors of theory or omissions of analysis will be substantial. [1 – 5] 3 (a) Explain how trade unions can be incorporated into the economic analysis of wage determination. [12] Candidates are asked to comment on trade unions so the economic theory of wages that they should use is that for an imperfect market. This theory should be explained using marginal revenue productivity. Trade unions can have an effect on the supply curve which is now no longer solely determined by market forces. Where the actual wage will be determined depends upon the relative strengths of the employer and the trade union. L4 L3 L2 L1 For a sound discussion with good explanation of the analysis and a clear understanding of the principles involved. [9 – 12] [7 – 8 D and S approach] For a competent comment but with limited elaboration of the analysis. [7 – 8] [5-6 D and S approach] For a correct explanation of part of the analysis. Candidates might explain either the government or the unions. 5 – 6] [3+ – 4 D and S approach] For an answer which has some basic correct facts but includes irrelevancies. Errors of theory or omissions of analysis will be substantial. [1 – 4] [1 –3 D and S approach]  © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2005 Page 5 Mark Scheme GCE AS/A LEVEL – NOVEMBER 2005 Syllabus 9708 Paper 4 (b) Discuss the possible effects that trade unions might have on the economy of a country. [13] Trade unions could affect the supply of labour and working practices. They could cause production to decrease with consequent downward effects on income, spending and national income. Candidates could explain this using the multiplier concept. Union could, however, through negotiation prevent disruption of production, or could monitor the implementation of safety procedures which might involve extra spending by the employer. This might well have an upward effect on national income. L4 L3 L2 L1 For a reasoned and clear explanation with accurate development of theory contrasting possible outcomes. [9 – 13] For a clear but undeveloped explanation which concentrates on change of income in one direction only. 7 – 8] For a limited attempt to consider the theory and with a greater concentration on the descriptive elements. [5 – 6] For an answer which has some basic correct facts but includes irrelevancies. Errors of theory or omissions of analysis are substantial. [1 – 4] 4 (a) With the help of diagrams distinguish between normal profit and abnormal profit. [10] Diagrams to show normal and abnormal profit with accompanying explanation of the c urves used in the diagram. Candidates can distinguish between perfect and imperfect markets. L4 L3 L2 L1 For a sound explanation, good diagrams correctly labelled, with clear understanding of the principles involved in the analysis. [8 – 10] For a competent explanation but with limited development of the analysis. Diagrams clear but not fully labelled. [6 – 7] For a correct explanation of terms but some poor diagrams. [4 – 5] For an answer which has some basic correct facts but includes irrelevancies. Errors of theory or omissions of analysis will be substantial. [1 – 3] (b) Discuss whether firms always want to maximise profits and are able to do so in the way suggested by economic theory. 15] Discussion of the theory of profit maximisation. Candidates should consider not only whether it is possible to calculate marginal revenue and marginal cost to achieve profit maximisation but also whether the firm might have alternative aims. Sales maximisation, behavioural, managerial, satisficing, market share aims might be mentioned. L4 L3 L2 L1 For a reas oned discussion and clearly structured answer. [12 – 15] For a fair discussion but undeveloped answer mentioning either only one part of the question or both parts but only scant mention of alternative aims. 9 – 11] For a limited but acceptable attempt to consider the question with very limited development of either part. [6 – 8] For an answer which has some basic correct facts but includes irrelevancies. Errors of theory or omissions of analysis will be substantial. [1 – 5]  © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2005 Page 6 Mark Scheme GCE AS/A LEVEL – NOVEMBER 2005 Syllabus 9708 Paper 4 5 How far do you agree that low interest rates and low inflation are the most important aims of government policy in maximising economic welfare? 25] Discussion of the general macro aims of government policy with a comment on whether the two mentioned should be regarded as the most crucial. The effect of low interest rates and low inflation and po ssible links between them can be developed. Reasons should be given for either choosing or not choosing these aims as the most important. L4 L3 L2 L1 For a thorough explanation of the aims, a clear analysis of the link between them, a discussion of the possible outcome of a choosing either those aims or alternatives with a reasoned conclusion. 18 – 25] For a competent explanation of the aims but where there is only limited attempt to consider the significance of the importance of the aims. There will be some discussion but the evaluation will not be fully developed or extensive. [14 – 17] For an accurate though undeveloped explanation with some attempt at analysis but only limited evaluation. [10 – 13] For an answer which shows some knowledge but does not indicate that the question has been fully grasped. The answer will have some correct facts but include irrelevancies. Errors of theory or omissions of analysis will be substantial. 1 – 9] 6 With the appr oval of the Malaysian government, the Swedish company IKEA, the world’s largest retailer of home furnishings, has invested $106 million in Malaysia in the past three years. It plans to open another large store in the country, employing 450 people with expected sales of approximately $50 million in the first year. (Herald Tribune Aug 15 03 p 12) (a) Use the multiplier analysis to explain what effect this investment might have on the Malaysian national income. [10] Discussion of the effect of increasing investment in terms of employment, income, spending, saving. Multiplier analysis. Usually this question is asked with reference to government spending and investment but this is a large investment and it also will have multiplier effects. L4 L3 L2 L1 For a sound explanation of the analysis and a clear understanding of the principles involved. [8 – 10] For a competent comment but with limited elaboration of the analysis. [6 – 7] For a correct explanation of part of the analysis. Candidates might explain how investment might increase income but might not deal with further increases in as they do not discuss what leakages occur at each ‘round’. 4 – 5] For an answer which has some basic correct facts but includes irrelevancies. Errors of theory or omissions of analysis will be substantial. [1 – 3]  © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2005 Page 7 Mark Scheme GCE AS/A LEVEL – NOVEMBER 2005 Syllabus 9708 Paper 4 (b) Discuss whether the activities of multi-national companies are always beneficial. Candidates should discuss the effects of large companies. They could consider whether a large company is beneficial for the shareholders, the workforce and the consumer. These groups may be in different countries. They should comment on the effect in host country where wages/incomes/employment might increase and on the possible benefits for directors (and shareholders) who may be in the home country. The multi-national might have chosen to operate in the host country because of reduced costs or cheaper inputs so a comment on the possible benefits of comparative advantage would be pertinent. L4 L3 L2 L1 For a sound discussion with good explanation of the analysis and a clear understanding of the principles involved. Reasoned evaluative comments should be given. 12 – 15] For a competent comment but with only limited evaluation of the effects. [9 – 11] For a correct discussion of the analysis but with only very brief, or no evaluation. [6 – 8] For an answer which has some basic correct facts but includes irrelevancies. Errors of theory or omissions of analysis will be substantial. [1 – 5] [15] 7 ‘There are so many difficulties in measuring living standards that w e can never be sure that people in one country are better off than those in another country. ’ Comment upon this statement. [25] Candidates should consider each part of the statement. They should discuss whether there are many difficulties in measuring living standards and give reasons for their conclusion on this part of the question. They should then consider whether it is possible to compare one country with another and discuss what use national income statistics might be. They should form an overall conclusion. L4 L3 L2 L1 For a thorough explanation of the difficulties of measuring living standards, and a clear conclusion to the assertion followed by a consideration of the usefulness of using the statistics to make comparisons. [18 – 25] For a competent explanation of the difficulties but with a limited conclusion. There will be some consideration of comparison between countries but this will not be fully developed or extensive. [14 – 17] For an accurate though undeveloped explanation with some attempt at analysis but only limited evaluation. The conclusion will be weak. [10 – 13] For an answer which shows some knowledge but does not indicate that the question has been fully grasped. The answer will have some correct facts but include irrelevancies. Errors of theory or omissions of analysis will be substantial. [1 – 9]  © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2005