Issue Paper 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Issue Paper 2 - Essay Example This will assist children develop a sense of responsibility for their actions as well as decisions. Bringe mentions co regulation as a suitable parenting style for school aged children (196). It is through this parenting style that parents can support their children develop refined social skills, children learn to be cooperative, and children develop better communications skills. Children learn to tackle assignments without supervision from adults and they manage to complete assignments competently and satisfactorily. Parents who utilise supportive care for their school-aged children are in a better position to handle issues related with health and safety concerns (Bringe 197). Utilising a co regulation parenting style provides structure and nurtures school-aged children. Supportive care allows parents to assists their children with peer relations. Parents get to understand the role that friends play in the development of their children (Bringe 199). Middle-aged children are different from preschool children in terms of developmental events and changes. It is during the school age period that children mature and become responsible person (Bringe 193). It is in this stage that children develop social skills, sense of self-concept and other developmental skills. Parents, teachers, and other adults are optimistic of children in this age. Parenting style, interaction style and interaction with people outside the family system does affect a child’s development in the middle school age. Parents need to be familiar with the effective ways that they can use to assist their children develop a sense of responsibility without using assertive force (Bringe 196). Parenting is an important issue facing the society. Issues such as childhood illnesses, mental illnesses, juvenile crime, accidents, drug abuse, school disruption, underachievement, self-esteem issues, and child neglect issues single out parenting as a

Study On The Oriental School Of Economic Thought History Essay

Study On The Oriental School Of Economic Thought History Essay The oriental school of economic thought basically deals with the study of the origin of economic thought from various ancient societies including the Hindu, Hebrew, Indian, Roman, Greek, and Islamic societies. It has been observed that the main area looked into by the Hebrews and Hindus was based on agricultural economics and all this information was drawn from the writing of the pious law givers who were present at the time. These ancient writings consisted of ideas on various economic aspects such as: division of labour, cottage industries, forest and mines, trade and trading practices, concept of wealth, transport, banking and loans, etc. Some of the writers who also played a role in the development of this economic thought include Roman writers such as Cicero, Pliny Gato, Varro and Columella. During this period, and until the industrial revolution, economics was not a separate discipline but part of philosophy. Its evolution into a distinct discipline of study in the social sciences can be attributed greatly to these early writers. Roman law also developed the contract recognizing that planning and commitments over time are necessary for efficient production and trade. This large body of law was unified as the Corpus Juris Civilis in the 530s AD by Justinian, who was Emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire. In Ancient India, Chulavamsa records that Parakramabahu of Sri Lanka had debased the currency of Ancient Sri Lanka in order to produce money to support this large scale infrastructure projects. Parakramabahu also pioneered free trade during his reign. Many of the topics discussed during these ancient times are still prevalent in modern economics, including discussions on the management of a solid and efficient economy and the ethics of economics. These ancient thoughts als o focused on issues of welfare, for instance, redistribution of wealth during a famine. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Ancient economic thought is very much wide and its study provides a broad basis for comparison of the ancient approach to economic issues as compared to issues arising in the modern world economies. The large number of ancient thinkers who contributed to this thought differed in beliefs and practices. Also, information on some of these ancient cultural-economic practices is very scanty and thus makes this enquiry into the oriental school of economic thought necessary so as to be able to get a better understanding of the underlying economic issues of both the past and present. JUSTIFICATION With the evolution of economics, many writers have come up with different theories about different areas in the subject. So as to be able to critically assess these different theories and understand the unity which connects us with the ancient times, knowledge on the origin of the early stages of economic thought is necessary for one to be able to take a well informed and unbiased stand on contentious economic issues arising today and hence the need for this study. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY To understand the principles and concepts of the oriental school of economic thought. To know the key contributors of ancient economic thought. To evaluate and criticize how the ancient societies carried out their economic activities. To find out the major contributions of the oriental school of thought to the body of knowledge that exists today. To get a clearer understanding of the position of economics as a distinct member of a group of social sciences. Ancient near East Economic organizations in the earliest civilizations of the Fertile Crescent were driven by the need to efficiently grow crops in the river basins. The Euphrates and Nile Valleys were homes to earliest examples of codified measurements written in base 60 and Egyptian fractions. Keepers of royal granaries and absentee Egyptian land owners reported in the Heganakht Papyri. Historians of this period note that the major tool of accounting for agrarian societies, the sales used to measure grain inventory, reflected dual religious and ethical symbolic meaning. The Erlenmeyer tablets give a picture of Sumerian production in the Euphrates valley around 2, 200 2, 100 B.C., and shows an understanding of the relationship between grain and labour inputs (valued in female labour days) and outputs and an emphasis on efficiency. Egyptians measured work output in man-days. The development of sophisticated economic administration continued in the Euphrates and Nile Valleys during the Babylonian Empi re and Egyptian Empires when trading units spread through the Near East within monetary systems. Egyptian fraction and base 60 monetary units were extended in use and diversity to Greek, early Islamic culture, and medieval cultures. By 1202 A.D, Leonardo Pisa Fibonacci use of zero and Vedic-Islamic numerals motivated Europeans to apply zero as an exponent, birthing modern decimals 350 years later. The city states of Sumer developed a trade market economy based originally on the commodity money of the shekel which was a certain weight measure of barley, while the Babylonians and their city state neighbours later developed the earliest system of economics using a metric of various commodities, which was fixed in a legal code. The early law codes from Sumer could be considered the first (written) economic formula, and had many attributes still in use in the current price system today, such as codified amounts of money for business deals (interest rates), fines in money for wrong doing, inheritance rules, laws concerning how private property is to be taxed or divided, etc. Ancient Greco-Roman world Some prominent classical scholars assert that relevant economic thought was based on metaphysical principles which are incommensurate with contemporary dominant economic theories such as neo-classical economics. However, several ancient Greek and Roman thinkers made various economic observations especially Aristotle and Xenophon. Many other Greek writings show understanding of sophisticated economic concepts. For instance, a form of Greshams law is presented in Aristophanes Frogs, and beyond Platos application of sophisticated mathematical advances influenced by the Pythagoreans in his appreciation of flat money in his Laws: (742 a-b) and in the pseudo-Platonic dialogue, Eryxlas. Bryson of Heraclea was a neo-platonic who is cited as having heavily influenced early Muslim economic scholarship. The influence of Babylonian and Persian thought on Greek administrative economics is present in the work of Greek historian Xenophon. Discussions of economic principles are especially present in his Oeconomicus, his biography of Cyrus the Great, Cyropaedia, Hiero and Ways and Means. Hiero is a minor work which includes discussion of leaders stimulating private production and technology through various means including public recognition and awarding of prizes. Ways and Means is a short treatise on economic development, and showed an understanding of the importance of taking advantage of economies of scale and advocated laws promoting foreign merchants. The Oeconomicus disc uses the administration of agricultural land. In the work, subjective personal value of goods is analyzed and compared with exchange value; Xenophon gives an example of a horse which may be of no use to a person who does not know how to handle it, but still has exchange value. In Cyropaedia, Xenophon presents what in hindsight can be seen as the foundation for a theory of fair exchange in the market which will result in the analysis of better fit or suitability to either party who wants to purchase the same item. Xenophon discusses the concept of division of labour, referencing specialized cooks and workers in a shoe making shop. Marx attributes to Cyropaedia the idea that the division of labour correlates to the size of a market. Roman law developed the contract recognizing that planning and commitments over time are necessary for efficient production and trade. Ancient India Chulavamsa records that Parakramabahu I of Sri Lanka had debased the currency of Ancient Sri Lanka in order to produce monies to support his large scale infrastructure projects. Parakramabahu I also pioneered free trade during his reign, a war was fought with Burma to defend free trade. Chanakya (c. 350 BC 275 BC) considered economic issues. He was a professor of Political Science at the Takshashila University of Ancient India, and later the Prime Minister of the Mauryan Emperor, Chandragupta Maurya. He wrote the Arthashastra (science of material gain). Many of the topics discussed in the Arthashastra are still prevalent in modern economics, including its discussions in the management of an efficient and solid economy. Chanakya also focuses on issues of welfare, for instance, redistribution of wealth during a famine and the collective ethics that hold a society together. The Arthashastra argues for an autocracy managing an efficient or solid economy. The qualities described are in effect that of a command economy. It discusses the ethics of economics and the duties and obligations of a king. Chanakya writes on the economic duties of a king: The king shall be ever active in the management of the economy. The root of wealth is economic activity and lack of it brings material distress. In the absence of fruitful economic activity, both current prosperity and future growth will be destroyed. A king can achieve the desired objectives and abundance of riches by undertaking productive economic activity. Ancient China Ideal and effective economic policy was long sort for in ancient China, one of the greatest early reformers being the Emperor Qin Shi Huang (r. 221 BC 210 BC), who standardized coin currency throughout the old warring states once he unified them under a strong central bureaucracy (which the Zhou dynasty had always lacked). However, one of the greatest reformists in China lived during the medieval Song dynasty (960 1279 AD), that being Chancellor Wang Anshi (1021 1086 AD). Wang Anshis political faction of the New Policies Group enacted a series of reforms that centered on military reform, bureaucratic reform and economic reform. The economic reforms included low cost loans for farmers who he considered the backbone of the Chinese economy in terms of production of goods and the greatest source of the land tax. Replacing the corvee labour service with a tax instead, he enacted government monopolies on crucial industries producing tea, salt, and wine, introduction of local militia to ease the budget spending on the official standing army of one million troops and the establishment of a Finance Planning Commission staffed largely by political loyalists so that his reforms could pass quickly with less time for conservatives to oppose it in court. Medieval Islamic World To some degree, the early Muslims based their economic analyses on the Quran (such as the opposition of riba, interest) and from Sunnah, the sayings and doings of Muhammad. Early Muslim thinkers, Al-Ghazali (1058 1111 A.D.) classified economics as one of the sciences connected with religion, along with metaphysics, ethics and psychology. Authors have noted, however, that this connection has not caused early Muslim economic thought to remain static. Persian philosopher Nasir al-Din-al-Tusi (1201 1274) presents an early definition of economics (what he calls Hekmat-e-madani, the science of city life) in discourse three of his ethics: the study of universal laws governing the public interest welfare: in so far as they are directed, through cooperation, toward the optimal (i.e. perfection). Many scholars trace the history of economic thought through the Muslim world, which was in a Golden Age from the 8th to 13th century and whose philosophy continued the work of the Greek Hellenistic thinkers and came to influence Aquinas when Europe rediscovered Greek philosophy through Arabic translation. A common theme among these scholars was the praise of economic activity and even self-interested accumulation of wealth. The influence of earlier Greek and Hellenistic thought on the Muslim world began largely when Abbasid Caliph al-Mamun, who sponsored the translation of Greek texts into Arabic in the 9th century by Syrian Christians in Baghdad. But already by that time numerous Muslim scholars had written on economic issues, and early Muslim leaders had shown sophisticated attempts to enforce fiscal and monetary financing, use of deficit financing, use of taxes to encourage production, use of credit instruments for banking, including rudimentary savings and checking of accounts, a nd contract law. The origins of capitalism and free markets can be traced back to Caliphate where the first market economy and earliest form of merchant capitalism took root between the 8th and 12th centuries, which some refer to as Islamic capitalism. A vigorous monetary economy was created on the basis of expanding levels of circulation of a stable high-value currency (the dinar) and the integration of monetary areas that were previously independent. Innovative new business techniques and forms of business organizations were introduced by economists, merchants and traders during this time. Such innovations included the earliest trading companies, credit cards, big businesses, contracts, bills of exchange, long distance, international trade, the first forms of partnerships and the earliest forms of credit, debt, profit, loss, capital (al-mal), capital accumulation (nama-al-mal), circulating capital, capital expenditure, revenue, cheques, promissory notes, trusts, startup companies, savings accounts, transactional accounts, pawning, loaning, exchange rates, bankers, money changers, ledgers, deposits, assignments, the double entry bookkeeping system, and lawsuits. MAIN FINDINGS After going through the history of the oriental school of thought in the previous section, the following economic aspects come out clearly as having been discovered and practiced by these early thinkers: The Concept of Production and Technology Ancient leaders stimulated private production and technology through various means including public recognition and awarding of prizes to successful inventors and producers. Economies of Scale Ways and Means was a short treatise on economic development written by Xenophon, which showed an understanding of the importance of taking advantage of economies of scale in production activity and advocated for laws promoting foreign merchants. Administration of Agricultural Land Agriculture was considered the most dignified occupation. In ancient India, the state took a leading part in developing agriculture and also demanded a fixed share of the gross produce. Price system The early law codes from Sumer were the first (written) economic formula, and had many attributes still in use in the current price system today, such as codified amounts of money for business deals (interest rates), fines in money for wrong doing, inheritance rules, laws concerning how private property is to be taxed or divided, etc. Grain and Labour Inputs Relationship The Erlenmeyer tablets gave a picture of Sumerian production in the Euphrates valley around 2, 200 2, 100 B.C., and showed an understanding of the relationship between grain and labour inputs (valued in female labour days) and outputs and an emphasis on efficiency in production. Output of Work The Egyptians measured work output in man-days. Monetary Units The Egyptian fraction and base 60 monetary units were extended in use and diversity to Greek, early Islamic culture, and medieval cultures. By 1202 A.D, Leonardo Pisa Fibonacci use of zero and Vedic-Islamic numerals motivated Europeans to apply zero as an exponent, birthing modern decimals 350 years later and hence the development of monetary units. Value Subjective personal value of goods was analyzed and compared with exchange value. Xenophon gave an example of a horse which may be of no use to a person who does not know how to handle it, but still has exchange value. Theory of Fair Exchange Xenophon presented what in hindsight could be seen as the foundation of a theory of fair exchange in the market which will result in the analysis of better fit or suitability to either party who wants to purchase the same item. Division of Labour Xenophon discussed the concept of division of labour, with reference to specialized cooks and workers in a shoe making shop who specialised in different tasks. Free Trade Parakramabahu I pioneered free trade during his reign, this is evident because a war was fought with Burma to defend free trade in ancient India. Welfare In India the leaders insisted on ensuring that the population as a whole has to be well looked after. For example, Chanakya focused on issues of welfare, for instance, redistribution of wealth during a famine and the collective ethics that held a society together. Standardized Coin Currency Emperor Qin Shi Huang of Ancient China, standardized coin currency throughout the old warring states after he unified them under a strong central bureaucracy. Low Cost Loans For Farmers In Ancient China Wang Anshis political faction of the New Policies Group enacted a series of reforms that centered on military reform, bureaucratic reform and economic reform. The economic reforms included low cost loans for farmers whom he considered to be the backbone of the Chinese economy in terms of production of goods and the greatest source of the land tax. Land Tax This was a source of revenue for the Ancient Chinese government from farmers, because during that period agriculture was the main driver of the economy. Fiscal and Monetary Financing The Muslim leaders enforced various policy measures including fiscal and monetary financing, use of deficit financing, use of taxes to encourage production and use of credit instruments for banking. Banking The early Muslim leaders had shown sophisticated attempts indlucing rudimentary savings and checking accounts, and contract law. Monetary Economy Between the 8th and 12th centuries, which some refer to as the period of Islamic capitalism, a vigorous monetary economy was created on the basis of expanding levels of circulation of a stable high-value currency (the dinar) and the integration of monetary areas that were previously independent of each other. SUGGESTIONS The social organization manifested by the ancient civilizations should be critically looked at and applied to solve some socioeconomic problems still present today, especially in the developing nations. The organization of government and formulation of policies during the ancient times leaves a lot to be admired. Governments of the modern economies should pick some of these values. The concept of politics being looked at separately from economics and policy formulation should be followed in todays modern economies for faster development and equality in the distribution of wealth. Welfare economics should be taken as seriously as it was taken in ancient times. For example, during periods of drought or famine, governments should not let particular groups of people suffer and instead they should distribute the available resources to the entire population. CONCLUSION Theres no question or doubt as to whether ancient economic philosophies are still in extensive use today. The modern economy has evolved over centuries to become what it is today. The study of the history of economic thought enables the student to appreciate the contributions various writers have made to development of economics as a discipline. Although ancient economic theories were sometimes unclear, contradictory, or presented in a rudimentary manner, they form the basis of economic analysis today. These theories are still being used today by the worlds largest and most complicated and sophisticated economies. BIBLIPGRAPHY Falgas, Matthew E.; Zarkadoulia, A. Effie, (2006). Arab Science in the Golden Age (750-1258) and Today. The FASEB Journal 20(10): 1581-1586. Hosseini, S. Hamid (2003). Contributions of Medieval Muslim Scholars to the History of Economic Thought and their Impact: A Refutation of the Schumpeterian Great Gap. S. Lowry (2003). Ancient Medieval Economics. In Biddle, Jeff E.; Davis, Jon B.; Samuels, Warren J.A Companion to the History of Economic Thought. Malden, MA: Blackwell pp. 11-27. Schumpeter, Joseph (1954). History of Economic Analysis. New York, Oxford University Press.

Essay --

GEC ENGLISH CURRICULUM GUIDE & LESSON PLANS How to Use this Curriculum Guide This series of lessons and resources builds upon the Uganda English Language Curriculum of lower and upper primary Uganda syllabi. It offers students an opportunity to use critical thinking and challenges them to become more fluent in English. Emphasis and practice is centered on the receptive and productive skills of Listening, Writing, Reading and Speaking. In each lesson, students will practice the four skills for English fluency - Speaking (S), Writing (W), Reading (R) and Listening (L).Depending on individual learning needs of girls, each day, learning facilitators may concentrate on a different fluency rather than giving nearly equal time to each fluency. Where necessary, all skills can be given equal time. Learning activities should also be enhanced to be more difficulty or reduced for beginners. In addition, learning facilitators will see â€Å"facilitator’s choice† in some categories in the overview. This means the facilitator can assign homework or out of cl ass activities to address a given fluency or they can add an activity during class time that addresses the desired fluency. The facilitator is given flexibility based on the needs of the class. Resources needed for each lesson included in the folders for each week. The units integrate a variety of topics and current events so students are using English in contexts that apply to them. The lessons also address multiple learning styles to appeal to and engage a variety of learners. For reference purposes and more practice for the learners, English language set books 1-3 should be utilized. Individual learning is integral to the lessons in this unit and every learner in the CLC is expect... ...s with your co-teachers as they accomplish the tasks. 5. Assign practice and extension activities to learners from worksheets and practical English Ogundipe text. Homework: Facilitator’s choice. WEEK 5 Lesson objectives By the end of the week students should be able to; †¢ Apply words of quantity in their compositions and discussions. †¢ Use the different types of sentences in their writing. †¢ Identify and apply a variety of punctuation in their work. Teacher Prep: Be familiar with words of quantity and more punctuation marks. Materials: ï‚ § Notes & Worksheets on words of quantity. ï‚ § Practical English Ogundipe Bks 1-3 ï‚ § White board and markers. ï‚ § English language dictionaries. Procedures: 1 Begin this lesson by asking students to complete a writing task. Select according to students’ levels and abilities from the folder ELS Lower Secondary multiple tasks. 2 â€Æ'

Ebay in China Essay

The joint venture with Tom Online will allow eBay to enter the Chinese rapidly growing market. In 2007, China experienced a technology boom in which more people were using the Internet than ever before. Besides the rocket increase of Internet usage in China, E-Commerce is growing as well. With the power and influence of Tom Online, eBay has a unique opportunity to grab the market share of a billion people in China. EBay can benefit a lot from the joint venture with Tom online. Tom Online will help eBay reach millions of people through Internet as well as the mobile Internet. Graph 1 shows that China experienced an exponentially growing in Internet usage. From 2005 to 2007, the Internet users in China doubled from 111million to 205 million. The big population of China almost guaranteed Internet usage growth. With the increase of Internet usage in China, the online shopping also grows rapidly. According to graph 2, online transaction value in China jumped from 3.9 billion RMB to 23.1 billon, representing an incredible growth rate of 253%. All the statistics above strongly prove that China is the perfect market for eBay to tap into. In addition to the great potentials of the market of China, the new marketplace will bring together the strengths of both companies. EBay EachNet’s global e-commerce knowledge and large and active trading community in China, and TOM Online’s local market knowledge and active wireless user base of more than 75 million. The new marketplace will bring enhanced online and mobile opportunities to buyers and sellers in China, evolving eBay’s participation in China and extending TOM Online’s wireless service portfolio into m-commerce. Upon the launch of the new marketplace, eBay EachNet users will be invited to transition to the new site, a nd TOM Online will work to deliver its user traffic to the site as well. Risks On the other hand, it is also risky for ebay to form the joint venture with Tom Online. EBay must pay close attention to Tom Online and their strategy in the market. Instead of eBay, it is Tom Online that has the majority share in Tom EachNet at 51%. EBay has injected over $40 million into Tom EachNet,  while Tom Online only contributed $20 million (along with knowledge, technology, and brand value). It is clear that eBay has more to lose in the deal, while Tom Online is simply negotiating their presence in China. EBay must work closely with Tom Online to ensure that their visions for Tom EachNet are similar, and a common strategy is taken to succeed. China’s business culture is another obstacle that eBay must monitor closely. Tom Online does have extremely well connection with the Chinese government, and eBay must be sure to take advantage of the TOM Online’s political networks in China. .

Modernist Styles, Including Cubism, Orphism, and Futurism

Modernist styles, including Cubism, Orphism, and Futurism challenged the practices of traditional representational art. I will argue that modernist styles including Cubism, Orphism and Futurism did challenge the practices of traditional representational art. While some may argue that that the fact that modern styles were concerned with subject gives doubt to how challenging they really were to representational art I oppose this idea entirely. All art is representational in some way.Rather than a dismissing the concept of representation in art the modernist styles challenged the validity of the external representation, which had previously en the foundation of art, by focusing on conceptual representation. Traditional representational art is based on the representation of an image as it is, at a fixed point in time, from a singular viewpoint. This type of art aimed to be entirely familiar to the viewer; the subjects involved easily recognizable and derived from sources of reality.Mel Gooding, in his book Abstract Art defines representational art as ‘any mode of representation in painting and sculpture that offers the eye the illusion of a perceived reality. ‘ I would expand on this definition to include art that aims to render n image realistically from a fixed viewpoint at a specific point in time. Based on these definitions, it is evident that Cubism, Orphism and Futurism rejected traditional concepts and conventions as these could not portray the conceptual representation modern art was concerned with.It is evident in the works produced by the artists associated with these movements that they made a conscious decision to expand what was acceptable in art by challenging the artistic techniques and practices of representational art that had been adhered to for hundreds of years. The introduction of new media, new concepts of space and form and new techniques tit light and color were all innovative and effective ways to display experiences of the wor ld in ways that weren't bound by traditional artistic conventions.These new conventions were only able to develop because modernist artists ‘consciously sought radically new ways to represent their experience of the world. ‘ Modern art at this time was all about stimulating the experience of a subject by portraying its essence through new artistic conventions. In this way these modern works challenged the more objective representational art by uncovering new concepts of reality that did not involve the burden of realism. The artist Delaney explained this as ‘historically there was a change of understanding, hence of techniques, of modes of seeing. In some ways these artists were set free from the burden of realism by the invention of the camera, which could render an image perfectly. They were given the freedom to portray their understanding of an image, not how it is observed. New modernist styles marked a change in the definition of what reality expressed through art really was, moving away from the traditional illusionist's visual mimicry to a more conceptual and internal representation. This idea was first formally established by Maurice Urinal an art critic and close friend of many of the artists involved in these modern movements.He stated that â€Å"if art is a meaner of augmenting knowledge, its function will only be served by painting forms as they are conceived in the mind. † I will argue that this conceptual form of art is more intellectually stimulating due to its complexity than the blatancy of figurative art. This is a sentiment that abstract artists wished to express and the reason they challenged the traditions of art at all. I will set out in my argument how the innovative use of artistic conventions by modernist artists proves that the practices of traditional representational art were rejected.It was only through this purposeful rejection of traditional representational art to a truer, more conceptual representation that the innovative concepts associated with these modernist styles were able to develop and this marks the development of modern art into abstraction. Space and form All three styles, Cubism, Orphism and Futurism show a pictorial space and form which would be unrecognizable to traditional representational art.. Although theses three modern styles varied, the works involved all occupied a new and more complex pace.Mel Gooding explains this as a trend in modern art away from the representation of recognizable objects in pictorial space and towards presentation of a painting or sculpture as a real object in real space. ‘ Up until this time the pictorial space created in the art work aimed to create the illusion of a real pictorial space for the spectator. The technique of one point perspective which was very much adhered to during the renaissance created a space in the picture which vanished into a single point in order to replicate the three dimensionality of our vision.This co upled with the use of shading and toning to accentuate the weight of form worked to create the illusion of looking into a realistic space. The use of formal conventions such as perspective and tone are illusionist's and therefore they were abandoned by these modern artists who were inspired to achieve a more conceptual representation of space and form. For example, Baroque said of Cubism What most attracted me and what was the governing principle of Cubism, was the materialistic of this new space which I sensed. The art movement of Cubism was in fact sparked by the idea f exploring a new anti naturalistic space which can be seen to be developed and refined throughout the phases of cubism. The driving force behind the experimentations with form that developed cubism was the rejection of the deceptive singular viewpoint perspective which governed the illusionist of representational art. Initially the search for a new, more truthful pictorial space was found in the introduction of time , the fourth dimension, into space.Around this time in history the concept that space and time where interlinked was suggested by Einstein theory of relativity which destroyed the concept that the dimensions of an object were absolute, by demonstrating that they depended on the relative position of the viewer. This abstract concept was portrayed in Cubism through the use of synthesized impressions of an image or space. As you view an image or object, your impression is not static but a moving collection of impressions over time. The use of multiple viewpoints aimed to compress a multiplicity of information gathered from various experiences of an object into one image.This innovation off truer space is most evidently portrayed by the analytic phase of Cubism. Through the incorporation of the new artistic conventions the fragmentation of form was developed. The intention was to encompass the entire visual experience of an object into one image and through this idea an effective techni que of breaking up form into planes and facets which each expressed a sample of visual information. The Cubist works now possessed a shallow pictorial space due to the abandonment of perspective on which these fragmented facets could be hung.This concept worked not to bring the viewer into an illusionist's space like traditional representational works, but to accentuate the flatness of the picture plane in order to bring the space forward to the viewer for hem to experience its analysis of the image and to stimulate those sensations provided by the experience of the objects. In Futurism the concept of time in an image was portrayed by movement. This inclusion of time as a meaner of transforming the static imagery once associated with art into a capturing of movement created a new optical and temporal space.Futurists were also interested in the use of fragmentation of form to challenge the idea of a fixed viewpoint that was used in representational art. However, they developed this i dea further and produced works which captured the idea of movement in a way that was not possible wrought traditional conventions. They achieved this through the use of rhythmic repetitions of space and form which is effective in evolving a static image into one which is in constant motion. Evidence of all of these ideas can be seen in artworks associated with all three of these modernist art styles.One of my favorite examples is Marcel Duchess's Nude Descending a Staircase No. 2. This work portrays the mechanical movement of a nude figure as it moves down a staircase. The form is made up of the synthesis of various static positions of the nude as it is in motion and Leary expresses the idea of form changing over time. The form consists of layers of superimposed facets and angular planes which is evidence of cubist ideals of space and form. At the same time the still phases of the form placed in succession create the effect of a fluid movement, this is an illustration of the futuris t need to recreate the visual experience of motion.These ideas coupled with the mechanized and almost robotic form of the image alludes to the Futurists focus on industrialization of the world. The painting was initially rejected by the hanging committee of the Salon des Independents exhibition in Paris. Their reasoning for this was ‘a nude never descends a staircase a nude always reclines. ‘ The fact that Decamp was not adhering to traditional conventions was not accepted at this time. Many found the painting unintelligible because they did not recognize the figure at face value.But this was Duchess's intention to redefine representation in art. Today the art work is treasured as a symbol of the innovative practices associated with these modern styles. Light and color Traditionally light and color were artistic conventions used to create those optical delusions necessary to form a ‘realistic' image. The light source in a representational work would be realistic an d consistently come from one light source. Color was used only as a tool for portraying the effects of light on form through shade and tone.This toning gave form the weight and the illusion of three dimensions. However, in modern art the illusion of the description of form and the natural effect of light on an image was no longer a concern. Orphism changed how color was viewed as a tool for portrayal. This was a movement that found significance in the symphony of sensations that colors are able to stimulate when crafted together. Because modernist artists no longer wanted to be confined to naturalism they were free to experiment with the effect of the relationships of color.This involved the color theory of contrasting and complementary colors and the optimum placement of these colors together to enhance hues. Delaney, a key Orphism artist was able to develop these color techniques from his studies of a chemist, Michael-Eugene Chevron's treatise, On the Law of the Simultaneous Contr ast of Colors. This treatise dealt with the concept that a color is observed differently according to its surrounding colors. An example of a modern work based upon the use of the application of color techniques is Homage to Bibelot by Robert Delaney.This work contains various circular forms all made up of highly organized bright block colors. The colors of these circular forms, which are mostly primary, are surrounded by a background of opposing colors such as a yellow, green and red image surrounded by blue, red and green respectively. It is this complete contrast which illuminates the effect of the colors to a point where they are so much more successful in their specific function when Juxtaposed in this purposeful way. It is not only this illumination that the use of these color techniques create but a pictorial space.A depth is created by the advancing and receding of colors according to their characteristics. These techniques had not been used in traditional representational a rt and are another example of how these abstract artists redefined accepted artist conventions. Media The use of different media is also an example of the development of new practices in the art world which stemmed from the rejection of traditional practices. During the Cubist movement the introduction of new media was achieved through collage, eliding the purposeful rejection of the observed for the conceptual.Cubist artists began to incorporate new materials into their works such as strips of newspaper or wallpaper. This innovation was a monumental step away from traditional art. Picasso ‘Still Life with Chair Caning consists of sections of a kitchen scene, a knife, a lemon a glass. Within the painting Picasso has also incorporated a section of chair caning patterned oil cloth. Instead of portraying the image of a chair Picasso chose to use something that would stimulate the viewer's experience of the object.The cloth as significance in the work because the viewer can relate it to the image of a chair without the image of a chair being displayed. Picasso is no longer concerned about displaying any illusionist's craftsmanship; he found a material; that would evoke the image he wished to portray and chose to incorporate it into the work. As a result, the whole purpose of art was challenged; it was no longer to replicate an external observation ‘realistically but to portray the essence of an image through pictorial clues.The images in a work may have meaning but when a foreign material is introduced it has the ability to change those meanings. For example a glass cut from newspaper confusingly evokes two images in the mind. Picasso explains this example â€Å"If a newspaper can become a bottle, that gives us something to think about in connection with both newspapers and bottles, too. This displaced object has entered a universe for which it was not made and where it retains, in a measure, its strangeness.And this strangeness was what we wanted to make people think about because we were quite aware that our world was becoming very strange and not exactly reassuring. â€Å"This peculiarity activates the mind on a higher level. The evolution of art to involve new media is a natural progression by an art movement which aims to confront the conventions of representational art and to create works which stimulate a higher level of perception than ever before. Picasso also says in the same statement about the introduction of new media â€Å"We didn't any longer want to fool the eye; we wanted to fool the mind. This idea pretty much sums up the whole purpose of these modern works. Subject Even the subject matter itself in these forms of art worked to separate itself from traditional subjects. Many works incorporated images that would activate memories f the more mundane, relatable experiences of life. It is evident that the artists involved in these styles were challenging the idea that art had to be a glorification of something, s uch as the biblical frescoes often associated with traditional art or a work that aimed to be ‘pretty.This introduction of everyday life into art effectively broadened the accessibility of art to everyday people. It was no longer a craft only obtainable by those with the ability to render the illusion of realism perfectly, it was open to anyone who wished to capture the conceptual essence of a subject through art. It is this idea which democratic art making. For cubists, subject was a platform onto which experiments with space and form could be conducted. This isn't to say that subject wasn't still taken into consideration.The easily relatable subject matter in these works was a purposeful decision in order to make the portrayal of the desired experiences easier. This was initially a playful experiment by the artists who developed these abstract artistic conventions due to the fact that they ‘enjoyed exploring the tension between apparent abstraction and suggested repres entation. ‘ Their new conceptual ideals had lead to the distortion and abstraction of the subject matter but they incorporated artistic clues to evoke the image of the object..By viewing modern works associated with these styles and considering what they seek to express, it is apparent that unlike representational art which relies on observation, the subject is not fixed but is instead based on individual and unique encounters. The work Just has to present itself and the spectator becomes the decider of the meanings of the subject. In this sense the fact that a subject of a modern work could e open to interpretation and is not obvious, modernist art styles transcended the level of intellectuality that figurative art could produce.Modern works were free to move away for the burden of only being able to portray observable images. In terms of Orphism and Futurism these movements aspired to move away from the external manifestations of human life. ‘ While Futurism chose to f ocus on the force of a dynamic subject, Orphism broke subject down into the lyricism of color. These modern artists felt that they were able to employ the dynamic forces of life such as speed and movement as the subject of a work. The inspiration for this sort of subject matter was inspired by the new technology fuelled age which was more exciting and dynamic than ever before.Because of this changing world the artists were living in they felt the need to express their excitement about life through art. This meaner that the fixed images of settings, people or landscapes associated with representational art was abandoned. Many futurist works portrayed mechanized and robotic figures or symbols of industrialization and technology immersed in some sort of movement. In conclusion, modernist styles including Cubism, Orphism and Futurism challenged he practices of traditional representational art by creating art which was more conceptual and internally driven.This focus on conceptual repres entation of a subject lead to the development of new ideas about space, form, color, light, and media and how these conventions come together to portray a subject. This redefinition of representation is evident in the works produced by these modernist artists. In the search for the ability to portray more truthfully modern artists created an art form which was more intellectually intriguing than art the world had seen before By Yachtsmen And

Research Papers Proposal

Research Papers Proposal Research Papers Proposal Research Paper ProposalA research paper proposal is a paper that briefly outlines the most essential issues of your research. A research paper proposal is handed to the defense committee in order for them to estimate the level of your preparation for research. If you get approval from them, you may start research and writing your research paper itself. If you need help writing a research paper or do not know how to write a research paper, you should contact us for professional research paper writing service! We deliver " research paper no plagiarism"!For a novice at conducting independent research, a research paper proposal may seem rather a complicated assignment. Still, with a bit of practice, efforts, and our guide a research paper proposal will be much easy to produce. So, follow the guidelines below.1. Decide on the topicChoosing a research paper topic is one of the most serious and important first steps to making a research paper proposal. You have to think over several fac tors influencing your decision as for the topic: the needs of research community, your personal preferences, and supervisors recommendations.2. Explore the historical context of the topic under considerationFind out who else investigated the similar problems in their works and what their approaches to it were.3. Formulate the objectives of your researchIt is very important for you to see the purpose you have to aim at. It will help you rally your thoughts together and get ready for the work.4. Make the introductory part for your research paper proposalThe introductory part of a research paper proposal usually introduces the problem under consideration. Here, tell what you are going to investigate, what results you suppose to obtain, and how you are going to achieve your purposes.5. Make up a literature reviewA literature review is another compulsory part of a research paper proposal. A review of literature is not only enumeration of existing works devoted to a certain problem. It is a deep analysis of these works presented in a form of logically connected standpoints on your research paper topic. 6. Inform on the research methods you are going to useMethodology is the last main part of a research paper proposal. Here, you have to present the methods chosen for doing research and explain your choice. In this part of your research paper proposal, explain why these methods are applicable and effective in relation to your research topic. How do you think they might help you?If you follow the guidelines presented above, you are sure to create a well-structured research paper proposal and get approval from the committee. If you are looking for research paper example, surf our free blog for numerous research proposals written from scratch!

Value of Wild Animal Fur Sociology Essay

Value of Wild Animal Fur Sociology Essay Value of Wild Animal Fur Sociology Essay Example Value of Wild Animal Fur Sociology Essay Example Several million years ago, when the primitive people lived, primordial humans killed animals to survive and warm with the help of their skins. Then, it was justified by a wild way of life and severe climate in which they could have died. In todays world, the use of leather and the fur production cause a negative reaction among environmentalists. Wild Animal Fur Should Not Be Valued In many aspects, they are right. The huge demand for natural beautiful fur leads to disappearance of many species of animals. That is why artificial fur is increasingly gaining popularity. Moreover, the production of fur clothing contributes to extensive poaching as rare and endangered species of animals are killed because of their skins and fur for sale and profit. In addition, animals are slain with special cruelty. Tragically, some of the animals are killed with the use of poisons and electricity in order not to damage the fur. It is also absolutely immoral to practice stripping of skins from live animals. Buying fur products, people often do not think about torments of animals shedding their blood for the sake of fashion. Despite the high value of animal fur as a symbol of beauty, warmness, and wealth, it should not be valued as its use reduces the wild animal species and contributes to the cruelty and violence toward the latter. History of Fur Use Fur is perhaps the oldest clothes in the history of mankind. Animal skins were worn by primitive people living on the European continent thousands years ago. In Ancient Greece and Rome, fur had no popularity. On the territory of these countries, it first came into use only after the conquest of Europe by the barbarians. In the Middle Ages, fur was worn only by the nobles and the rich people. The most expensive was minever and marten. The start of common fur fashion was in the 16th century. It was the time of trade, which made fur one of the most precious materials, along with spices and gold. However, it was worn by men only. In the 19th century, fur became an indicator not only of social status but also of age. It was meticulously chosen and worn on special occasions only. In the 20th century, fur became the object of interest in design. In the early 1900s, Jeanne Paquin and Paul Poiret began to include fur outer clothing in their collection. Fur boom was caused by the development of production of the first car. In these machines, the top was open, and warm clothing was necessary for the movement. The popularity of fur did not disappear until the Great Depression. Movement against Fur In 1980, the first organization in the history of mankind was founded to fight for the rights of animals in the United States (All about PETA). It was called People for Ethical Treatment to Animals (PETA). Since its inception, PETA has been famous by its loud advertising campaign with nude stars and models under the slogan that it was better to go naked than wear fur. In 1980s, fur felt into disgrace, which had an enormous scale: the rejection of animal cruelty was promoted on television, radio, and in lectures at universities, books and films (All about PETA). More famous people were getting connected to the anti-fur movement. This situation significantly boosted the production of artificial fur. It began to reach the popularity level of natural fur. This trend against the human desire and for the conscious consumption, promoting the infliction of the least possible damage to nature, is continuing today. Arguments against the Use of Natural Fur One of the main reasons not to wear fur is animal suffering. Any animal is exposed to severe conditions and dreadful death. Buying products that are made of natural fur and leather contributes to the brutal killing of other animals that have the same right to life as people. In most areas of the planet, one can easily live without fur coats. There are many other warm materials, down clothing, woven or knitted woolen clothing. Leather jackets and coats are heavy and bad-smelling. Today, millions of animals are killed for their skins (Linzey, 2002). There is an ethical issue of using astrakhan and cramps. This is a generally abhorrent practice to interrupt the pregnancy of animals, and both the mother and the baby are killed in order to get baby’s fur that has not been completely formed. On fur farms, such animals as sables, foxes, raccoons, and even bobcats are grown. Their stay is associated with large implications to health. The cells are close; animals are deprived of the opportunity to exercise their instincts; and many go crazy from stress, pain, and disgusting food, beginning to chew their limbs (Linzey, 2002). Animals in captivity are characterized by particular neurotic behavior, including the throwing from side to side, circling, and self-mutilation (Broom Nimon, 2001, p.241). The animals are constantly beating on the cell walls, causing themselves physical pain. Foxes in cages often resort to cannibalism. Broom and Nimon (2001) found that foxes in fur farms were characterized by a high level of fear and suffered from problems with reproduction functions (242). Although some animals die from diseases, stress, and self-mutilation, a sufficient number survives for slaughter and subsequently brings huge profits to its owners. On fur farms, there are aquatic animals that have no access to water in the conditions of the farms. Mason et.al. (2008) studied the conditions of minks at fur farms. He emphasized that these animals released the stress hormone when they were prevented from swimming (36). Moreover, there is a horrible method of obtaining astrakhan and karakulcha. Karakul is a skin of newborn lambs (2-3 days after birth). Karakulcha is a skin of prematurely ‘born’ lamb. The breeders simply cut the pregnant sheep and take lambs out of it. To r eceive the fur of karakul, an incision is made at the head of the live lamb, and then it is shaken out from the skin. Apart from fur farms, a practice of placing traps is still used (Linzey, 2002). Having stuck in a trap, the animal suffers waiting for its killer (hunter). The beavers, muskrats, raccoons, opossums, skunks, foxes are the main targets for hunters. In many countries, hunters are also obliged to mark their traps with information about a specific hunter and recommend checking their traps every day, but even a short period of time will seem like an eternity for the animal due to unbearable pain. Some animals even bite off their own limbs in order to save lives. Several states in the United States and many other countries imposed ban on the traps, which are known for the cruelty. However, hunters can easily evade the ban by other no less barbaric types of traps. If a hunter finds a captured animal still alive, it is usually beaten to death. Shooting is not accepted as, in this case, the hunter would risk damaging the skin. Therefore, buying fur and leather products, people are sponsoring t he killing of animals, causing heavy damage to the outside world. Moreover, the prisoners of traps are often unintended victims: birds, porcupines, deer, cats, dogs, and other animals that become maimed or killed. It is a commonplace that animals that are listed in the list of endangered species are killed in these cruel traps. Also, there is a danger of children’s getting into the trap. A few years ago, Canadian fishermen killed hundreds of thousands of harp seal pups in front of their mothers. Therefore, the Canadian government reduced the number of seals that were permitted to be slaughtered, decreasing the quota to 400,000 heads in 2012 (Myth and facts about Canada’s seal slaughter, n.d.). The process of slaughtering turned into an annual show, which caused a massive hype and hostility on the part of animal rights organizations and the media, trying to document the carnage. The Canadian government and the sealers try to block access to the area where the massacre is performed in order to avoid publicity. In 1987, the Canadian government was forced to pass a law that authorized the killing of seals just over two weeks. They are considered adults, even though they are so small that they are not able to swim and cannot be saved. In 2001, veterinarians who inspected the skull of seals came to the conclusion that â€Å"more than 40% of the seals were still con scious and were alive when they were skinned† (Myth and facts about Canada’s seal slaughter, n.d.). Fur is not the only material for sewing warm clothing. Today, there are warm synthetic materials. The preparation of fur also contributes to the pollution of the environment. Many chemicals (paints based on cyanide, formaldehyde, and others) are used during the fur handling. This certainly makes it serve longer, preserving the color, lightness, softness, and luxurious curvy shape. However, it affects person not in the best way. Often, chromium, which can lead to allergies, is used for processing fur. Another argument against fur is energy which is transferred to the owner of fur. Often, animals die slowly and suffer before death. When the animals feel fear and suffer, they release adrenaline that enters the bloodstream and is absorbed into the skin; so, the information of fear can be transmitted to a man and manifested in excessive anxiety and even neurosis. Advantages of Artificial Fur Today, few people doubt the fact that the fur can be easily replaceable. There are plenty of alternative technologies. If a lot of fur clothes in the wardrobe are made of artificial fur, a man can wear them with a clear conscience. The products that are made of such fur are a relatively budgetary purchase, which many people can afford. Low price is based on the fact that the use of synthetic fibers is less expensive to manufacture. Consequently, the price of artificial fur is much cheaper than of the natural one. Today, the production of eco-fur reached a high level and is in no way inferior to the production technologies of things that are made of natural fur. Products retain the novelty for a long time, are beautiful and shiny, easy to clean, and do not require special storage conditions. Things of faux fur look great in any color and authentically like natural fur. Meanwhile, the colored natural fur loses a lot of quality, which has a negative impact on its appearance. Certainly, there are several disadvantages of artificial fur. It is made of acrylic and polyacrylic polymers, which contain petroleum, coal, and limestone. Certainly, faux fur has reduced frost resistance. However, today, designers and scientists are still working, trying to improve the quality of ‘ethical’ fur. Externally, natural and artificial fur is almost impossible to distinguish, but the natural one is softer and more pleasant to the touch. Nevertheless, the advantages of natural fur in comparison with the artificial one have no significance as its use has serious consequences to the environment. Therefore, it is important to provide essential reforms to change the attitude to animals. People should revalue the life of animals and the desire to wear fashionable clothes. There are many compelling reasons to not use fur. Its wearing really cannot be justified, unless a person lives in a country with an extremely cold climate and fur is the only thing that can keep warm. The fur industry is terribly cruel causing a lot of suffering. Its purpose is to satisfy human vanity. Fur has become a symbol of luxury rather than a means to protect against the cold. People use coats and faux fur coats to keep warm. These products are also characterized by beauty and elegance. As fur clothes are made due to animals’ suffering, violence, and cruelty, it is important to recognize the harm of its production to the environment as well as change the attitude and perception of its value. The use of fur in the 21st century, the century of nanotechnology, space flights, and other breakthroughs, is considered simply illegal. People of the 21st century should seek to humanity rather than the perverted sadism. People must move away from the murder of animals as a source of luxury and find more civilized and acceptable methods.

Top 5 Job Searching Trends of 2016

Top 5 Job Searching Trends of 2016 The job market is always tough. But every year you’ll find there are distinct trends that dominate the search process. Here are the top  5 current job searching trends to bear in mind, whether you’re just starting out or looking to make a career change. 1. Hot FieldsIf it has something to do with technical advancement- analytics, mobile networks, healthcare, automation- then chances are it’s an â€Å"it† field. Even if the tech sector at large is maybe slowing it’s growth a tad, these fields are booming. If you’re looking for an industry that will aggressively recruit, those might be your best bet.2. The Relative Unimportance of SchoolCollege is always a good idea- a degree is, in fact, essential in many fields. But it’s not the only important factor in an application. So don’t beat yourself up if you didn’t go to Harvard, or even the fancier of three state schools near you. What matters most is the skill set youâ€℠¢ve acquired- and your commitment to keep learning more. Stay sharp and go after the skills most valuable to employers in your field- even if just through a few online community college classes.3. Talent CommunitiesTalent communities are an interactive discussion forum linking companies, their employees and potential employees, and HR reps. Often this is where you’ll get the specifics you need to target an application or get your biggest questions answered. Try Dice for IT, or Mediabistro for communications. And use your smartphone or tablet for the best functionality.4. AppsWhile we’re on the subject of mobile devices, why not take your job search out into the daylight with you? There are more and more job seeker apps out there, like Switch or Jobr. They won’t do all the work for you, but they’ll help you feel more connected and proactive.5. Working RemotelyOpen yourself up to the possibility of accepting a job in a virtual workforce. Not only does this widen your search geographically speaking, it means you can sometimes work in your pajamas, provided you can show results. More and more companies are considering remote employees; why not get in while the going’s good?The bottom line is: the job market is in constant flux. Keep abreast of the latest trends and try and put your toe in each of them. Adapt to the changing climate. Staying current will also mean you stay competitive.5 Trends for Job Seekers in 2016

Mixed Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Mixed Strategy - Essay Example My parents would always remind me whenever I came home late from partying that I should change my ways if I were to get a college education. My friends and classmates would no longer be there for me and that I should learn to stand on my own, be independent, because college is going to be a serious matter. My mother, who only finished seventh grade, would lecture to me again and again how important college education is and that if I want to have a better life then I should mend my ways. On the other hand, my father, who is a law school drop out, would back her lectures with the gravity of college. He said that if I would not learn any study skills I would be put in extreme embarrassment because professors would give unannounced quizzes and oral examinations. A student would be asked to stand up whenever he/she is called to answer and he/she would not be allowed to sit unless he/she is able to answer correctly. Before I graduated high school then, I spent less time with my friends and began to take a serious look at my life and my life ahead. I wanted college so much that I should be ready to face it and as much as possible finish it, not only for my parents’ sake but for my own personal satisfaction and fulfillment. I wanted a life that is more comfortable and convenient than what my parents gave me. Having spent more than a year in college, I feel that life is not that bad after all. I have new-found friends who back me up whenever I get entangled with my Math problem sets, others are there just to cheer me up whenever I have to spend sleepless nights just to beat the deadlines for my papers. Friends can be found everywhere and I can choose the good ones who will give me good influences. My professors are also not as bad as my father said. They are very supportive and understanding. My professor in Art, for instance, lent me some of her books for my project in Miro and Dali. She even coached me on how to use the internet for research since I only used the

Do the right thing Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Do the right thing - Movie Review Example This provides a petition to Sal as a kin man (Ebert, 1989). Right from the begin Sal is depicted as a hard working, kind, and dedicated individual (Ebert, 1989). Just the reality that he owns his own commerce in this bumpy and harsh epoch shows that he is a tidy, competent, and enthusiastic man. Later in the film we learn that Sal did in actuality build his pizzeria by himself from the floor up. The verity that Sal gets to split his creation and solid work with his sons crafts it all the extra unique to him (Ebert, 1989). After Sal has ended his pre-opening arrangements, Sal's Pizzeria is open for the daylight hours. Shortly after this, the major character of the movie, Mookie, comes promenaded into the bistro (Ebert, 1989). Mookie facility is as the liberation man for Sal in this film. Mookie accurately delivers pizza, yes, but he as well acts as an intermediary between the two ethnicities (Ebert, 1989). Sal relies on Mookie not merely to get the pizzas transported, but to as well a s to keep his associate black folks pleased with Sal so they will approach and support his bistro. I think that this shows an extremely appealing elevation of Sal (Ebert, 1989). It for the predominantly part trade in him off as a chauvinistic (Ebert, 1989). On one, allot, he can put on a happy visage and make the acquaintance of all the black populace as they crust their hard earned cash out to him for his pizza, whereas on the other dispense, he turns into an extremist, hating the majority of black people and discussing behind their back even as they are not approximately (Ebert, 1989). Now I say most black populace because Sal appears to have this father-son bond departing on amid him and Mookie where Sal is the white dad and Mookie the black lad who in the conclusion finally mutineers like all siblings do at some instance in their life (Ebert, 1989). In addition, Sal appears to have various kind of liking or love for Mookie's sister, Jade (Ebert, 1989). Whilst she comes in the pi zza parlor Sal persist to be made some remarkable wedges of pizza (Ebert, 1989). He then plunges what he is doing to go take a seat and stopover with her. This may prompt one to inquire them if Sal is a chauvinistic then why does Sal own a bistro in the hub of black vicinity (Ebert, 1989). Well as Sal explains to Pino early on the movie it is solely commerce. Sal recognizes that he is not competent to compete with the massive restaurant manacles, so he must journey to someone else's lawn to formulate a go of it (Ebert, 1989). A scary, conventional idea voiced more and again in the movie is that everyone is safest in their "own" vicinity and that it is most excellent if we stay put with the populace like ourselves (Ebert, 1989). Now this does not appear to grasp true for Sal and his pizzeria at foremost (Ebert, 1989). Just gaze at the particulars, he has been in this vicinity for not less than 15 to 20 years with no tribulations that we are made conscious about (Ebert, 1989). Percept ibly he must be creating a profit or he would have closed days ago. The way I observe it is that the major predicament with Sal this time is that he is not in the commerce for the love of it any longer, he is in it for the money (Ebert, 1989). Subsequent to all of these days while making pizza he has misplaced some of the blaze that always got him living (Ebert, 1989). I would be eager to stake that when Sal first unlocked up his pizza cooperative he was ostensibly friendly to all the populace, including the black populace, which came into his

Please write an important and relevant question to the designers and Essay

Please write an important and relevant question to the designers and to the Amazon corporation that reflects what you have learned about the role of architecture in this class - Essay Example This is evident in the use of color and general impracticality in designs. If this is the way postmodernism is all about, already nature has been tampered with. Most of the recent designs use bright features with the aim of attracting people and establishing power. However, this kind of design according to most postmodernists’ thinkers is a misuse and a great show of irresponsibility (Piotrowski 14). In their own view, these buildings have made the world lose its natural feeling. How will the Amazon’s building try to re-establish the lost contact with nature? In conclusion, nature does not offer any strict rules with which architects have to follow in their daily designing attempts. However, due to the urge to satisfy our needs, we always find it difficult to incorporate aesthetics in construction. This does not limit us to the way we use resources. It is all about the form in which our buildings take in relation to nature. Can Amazon do

ENTERPRISE AND ENTREPRENEURIAL MANAGEMENT MODULE Assignment - 1

ENTERPRISE AND ENTREPRENEURIAL MANAGEMENT MODULE - Assignment Example He kept on his quest for prospective customers who would buy space in his magazine and did this bit of marketing mainly through the pay phone installed in his school. One fails to stop marveling at the entrepreneurial streak that this young boy exhibited when most boys of his age were busy playing games. The success did not come anytime soon and after some backbreaking and focused effort finally on one fine day he received his first breakthrough in the form of a cheque of  £250 from an advertiser. The most notable part of this entire episode is that he did not waver in his faith even for a moment through the whole exercise and was never shy of putting in hard work for it. This personal attribute of staying focused in the face of severest odds is perhaps the single most important attribute that separates an entrepreneur form the rest of the crowd (Branson 2006). During the early 1980s and right through the 1990s media, both electronic and print, and several academicians researched on the special attributes that made entrepreneurs out of ordinary mortals. Such research outputs usually set out a list of must-have attributes and generally invited readers to do a self check to find out whether they have it in them what makes an entrepreneur. It had become quite fashionable to label certain characteristics as entrepreneurial attributes. One of them was surely an ability to take risks but hardly any such publication clearly mentioned just where when such an ability to accept risks crossed the limits of prudence and became downright foolhardiness. Another very much touted behavioral characteristic of future entrepreneurs was an extra desire to achieve something in life (McClelland 1999). The characteristic, as was evident from the words that described it, was extremely vague and had more hype in it than any real substance. One would hardly be

Individual report on a given case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Individual report on a given case study - Essay Example Disneyland mainly targeted the children because it could help the company to increase the footfalls. Children are not allowed to go by themselves by their guardians hence, the company received more visitors and the business had a profound effect in the company’s profit. The primary objective of Disneyland Paris was to attract the citizens of Europe to the large amusement park without facing any political disturbances (McCrie, 2011, p.7). The Disneyland Paris incorporated some changes in their theme park in order to attract the local visitors. The theme park consisted of the American cartoon characters along with a flavour of the French culture. Restaurants and snack bars had seating arrangements because the French preferred to sit and relax while dining. The Disneyland Paris also aimed at reducing long queues by providing diversion for people; for example, additional studios and theatres near the rides. Since Disneyland concept in Europe was new and it was an American theme pa rk, the company decided to hire most of the French as staffs. The quality of service was improved on a high scale and the visitors were taken care by the staffs with high level of courtesy. The operations management of Disneyland played a crucial role for the benefit of the company. The management department enhanced the quality of service and the restaurants. The staffs were taught to be very polite to the visitors because it was the only key to attract more customers and increase the revenue of the company. Since Disneyland Paris was a mega project established in Europe, special approaches were required to be taken in order to develop a positive reputation in the market. The staffs and the management of Disneyland Paris were able to create a courtesies environment in the work culture. The rides and the characters of Disneyland also played important role to gain the attention of visitors (Murthy, 2009, p.92). Overall the standard operating procedure of Disneyland was based on

Cloud computing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cloud computing - Assignment Example Without a doubt, the worldwide economic downturn forced the business organizations to reevaluate their business strategies and models from start till end. In this scenario, the business organizations spent a lot of time and resources in assessing their IT infrastructures and they considered cloud computing as a conceivable substitute to the traditional IT infrastructures. One of the most important advantages of cloud computing is that it allows the business organizations to convert fixed price mode (such as cost of ownership, servers, employee salaries , servers and additional expenses) to flexible price mode. On the other hand, with traditional IT models the organizations had to pay heavy charges all the time, whether they make extensive use of information technology or not. In fact, they had to pay higher prices for the time when IT was not used such as holidays. So there was always a fixed cost associated with traditional IT models. On the other hand, cloud computing is both scala ble and flex ­ible. In addition, it allows business organizations to buy only what they need, and pay for only those services which are used (Cooke, 2010). At the present, the majority of business organizations are adopting cloud computing technology for the effective management of their business activities. In fact, the implementations of cloud computing can be seen in all the fields such as business, finance, education, defense and so on. I have chosen a case study where an Oil and Gas industry shifted its IT systems from an internal data center to Amazon EC2. The basic objective for the selection of cloud computing technology was to reduce IT costs up to 37%in the next five years, and eliminating more than 21% support calls regarding their IT system. The company is basically a UK based firm that is currently operating in the Middle East. The results of this case study demonstrated that cloud computing can be an

Individual report on a given case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Individual report on a given case study - Essay Example Disneyland mainly targeted the children because it could help the company to increase the footfalls. Children are not allowed to go by themselves by their guardians hence, the company received more visitors and the business had a profound effect in the company’s profit. The primary objective of Disneyland Paris was to attract the citizens of Europe to the large amusement park without facing any political disturbances (McCrie, 2011, p.7). The Disneyland Paris incorporated some changes in their theme park in order to attract the local visitors. The theme park consisted of the American cartoon characters along with a flavour of the French culture. Restaurants and snack bars had seating arrangements because the French preferred to sit and relax while dining. The Disneyland Paris also aimed at reducing long queues by providing diversion for people; for example, additional studios and theatres near the rides. Since Disneyland concept in Europe was new and it was an American theme pa rk, the company decided to hire most of the French as staffs. The quality of service was improved on a high scale and the visitors were taken care by the staffs with high level of courtesy. The operations management of Disneyland played a crucial role for the benefit of the company. The management department enhanced the quality of service and the restaurants. The staffs were taught to be very polite to the visitors because it was the only key to attract more customers and increase the revenue of the company. Since Disneyland Paris was a mega project established in Europe, special approaches were required to be taken in order to develop a positive reputation in the market. The staffs and the management of Disneyland Paris were able to create a courtesies environment in the work culture. The rides and the characters of Disneyland also played important role to gain the attention of visitors (Murthy, 2009, p.92). Overall the standard operating procedure of Disneyland was based on

Deontologay and the dream act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Deontologay and the dream act - Essay Example rtant to first of all note that these young people have spent most of their lives in the country and have even undergone the American system of education and have graduated from our high schools. I think that everyone deserves a chance to go to college regardless of where they are born. Under pervious laws, such young people would derive their citizen status through their parents. But what happens when their parents are also undocumented? This further begs the question; should these young people be allowed to stay in the country or be deported? I think it would be unethical to deport them since they were brought into the country being underage and they do not have any other country of residence. They were brought by their parents who entered the country illegally. However, these children have spent a most of their life in the county and have even graduated from our high schools and sending them away at this time would be unethical. This act addresses the issue of how they would go about to attain their legal status. The act has several advantages as granting citizenship to these young men and women will contribute to the military’s recruitment efforts. Once these young people complete college, they will pay taxes and this will have economic benefits for the country as revenue collections will increase significantly. The act also makes the country more competitive on the global map as it will make the country have the highest number of college graduates in the world. The immigration department will then focus its attention on illegal immigrants who pose a threat to the country’s security. Due to the above reasons, these young people should be allowed to stay in the country provided they meet the requirements of the act. There should be a set age limit regarding their status. It should be noted that only those who entered the country under the age of 16 qualify to be considered to be granted a legal status. Those who entered the country above the age of 16

Relationship Between Leadership and Employee Performance

Relationship Between Leadership and Employee Performance The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of leadership on employee performance considering the five factors of leadership development that are coaching, training and development, empowerment, participation and delegation. Therefore these form the independent variables that are affecting employee performance which is the dependent variable. The hypotheses stated in the study are relating leadership to employee performance considering these five different factors. Since this whole study revolves around the importance of leadership development and its impact on employee performance, the relationship between these variables of leadership with the employee performance have been studied and researched upon. Exploratory research is done and a convenience sampling technique is used. Questionnaires were also circulated and SPSS-14 is used for data analysis. Pearson Correlation and Regression analysis is also performed. The study proved a strong positive relationship between leadersh ip development with employee performance. A manager must possess leadership qualities in order to conform to the performance standards set by the company. All the six hypotheses established are accepted and are positively related to employee performance, with training and development the strongest variable of leadership impacting employee performance. Vigoda-Gadot, Eran. 2005-2006. Leadership Style, Organizational Politics and Employees Performance: An Empirical Examination of Two Competing Models. This study aims to investigate the role of organizational performance as a mediating factor between leadership style and the employees performance. Therefore, the independent variable is leadership; the dependent variable is employee performance whereas organizational performance is a mediating variable. Questionnaires were circulated and a survey was taken. A Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire measure was used. Exploratory Factor Analysis and a correlation analysis were also done. The study has six hypotheses. One hypothesis states that transformational and transactional leadership are positively related with in-role performance and OCB (Eran, 2006), another state that transformational leadership will have a stronger relationship with and more influence on formal performance and OCB than transactional leadership (Eran, 2006). Another hypothesis is that perceptions of organizational politics are negatively related to employees in-role performance (Eran, 2006). Also, there is a hypothesis that perceptions of organizational politics mediate the relationship between transactional and transformational leadership, on one hand, and in-role performance and OCB on the other (Eran, 2006). It was also tested whether the relationship between leadership and performance was direct or indirect. A positive relationship was found between transformational leadership and performance; however transactional leadership and performance had a negative relationship. Conclusively, organizational politics has been considered an influential mediator between leadership and performance. According to the study, transformational leadership has a more direct positive effect on employees performance. Hayward. A. Brett. (2005). Relationship between Employee Performance, Leadership and Emotional Intelligence in a South African Parastatal Organization. This study was conducted to examine the relationship between leadership, emotional intelligence and the performance of employees. Thus, the two independent variables are leadership and emotional intelligence whereas the dependent variable is employee performance. A sample of 160 leaders and 800 raters was taken and a statistical analysis was done using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire measure and the Emotional Competency Profiler. A linear regression was run and a correlation analysis was carried out. Four different hypotheses were formed but two of them are important for my study. First, there is no significant positive linear relationship between employee performance and an emotionally intelligent transactional leader (Brett, 2005) and that there is a significant positive linear relationship between employee performance and an emotionally intelligent transactional leader (Brett, 2005). The second hypothesis states that there is no significant positive linear relationship between employee performance and an emotionally intelligent transformational leader (Brett, 2005) and that there is a significant positive linear relationship between employee performance and an emotionally intelligent transformational leader (Brett, 2005). The results show that there is a significant linear relationship between employee performance and an emotionally intelligent, transactional leader. However, a significant linear relationship between employee performance and an emotionally intelligent transformational leader does not exist and also that there is insufficient evidence to indicate that. This whole study and its findings are, however, contradictory to other studies that have been conducted that show a positive relationship between employee performance and a transformational leader. A. Oluseyi, Shadare and Hammed, T. Ayo 2009. Influence of Work Motivation, Leadership Effectiveness and Time Management on Employees Performance in Some Selected Industries in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of the three independent variables; work motivation, leadership effectiveness and time management, on employee performance that is the dependent variable. A total of 300 staff members were selected through stratified random sampling and the data was collected through Work Motivation Behavior Profile, Leadership Behavior Rating Scale and Time Management Behavior Inventory. A multiple regression was run and correlation matrix was used. The study answers the three basic research questions. First, the relationship is identified between each independent variable and employee performance. Also, the composite and relative effect of each of these variables on employee performance is analyzed. The results show that each of the three inde pendent variables have a positive and significant impact on employee performance, with leadership effectiveness showing the strongest correlation, followed by work motivation. Therefore leadership plays a vital role in enhancing the performance of the employees. Sribenjachot, Suteera. 2007. Impact of Leadership Style on Follower Performance in Direct Selling Industry in Thailand. This study inspects the impact that transactional and transformational leadership has on performance. Both leadership styles have different effects on performance. Performance is the dependent variable which is influenced by the leadership style which is the independent variable. Another variable is defined as leader outcome that is influenced by the leadership styles and impacts performance. A survey research design of Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) was used. The date was collected through MLQ-5X. Path analysis was performed and a statistical program known as Analysis of Moment Structure was used. Several hypotheses were formed; transformational leadership has no effect on follower performance (Suteera, 2007), transactional leadership has no effect on follower performance (Suteera, 2007), transformational leadership has no effect on leader outcome (Sute era, 2007), transactional leadership has no effect on leader outcome (Suteera, 2007) and leader outcomes have no effect on follower performance (Suteera, 2007). The results show a negative relationship between transactional leadership and performance, and no relationship between transformational leadership and performance. Both leadership styles have a positive impact on leader outcome, and that outcome affects the performance of the followers or the employees. Amran G. Tiena and Kusbramayanti, Putri. 2007. Leadership and Organizational Culture Relationship Analysis on Job Performance and Satisfaction using SEM (Structural Equation Modeling) at Pt. Carita Boat Indonesia. This study aims to examine the direct influence of leadership and organizational culture on job performance and its indirect impact on job satisfaction. Also, it studies the impact of job performance on job satisfaction. Therefore, all these elements of the study form the basic variables. A survey was taken and data was collected through questionnaires. A sample of 100 workers was taken. Structural Equation Modeling was used for the analysis of the data. The study has four hypotheses. The quality of employee job performance is positively influenced by leader-member relations (Tiena and Putri, 2007). The quality of employees job performance is positively influenced by organizational culture (Tiena and Putri, 2007). The quality of working satisfaction is positively influenced by performance (Tiena and Putri, 2007). The results show that leadership has a positive influence on the quality of performance and that in turn has a positive effect on work satisfaction. Leadership also has an impact on work satisfaction and it motivates an employee. The leader-member relationship influences both leadership style and employee job performance. Goh Yuan Sheng Victor, Geoffrey N. Soutar. 2005. The Role of Ethical Behaviors in the Relations between Leadership Styles and Job Performance. This study relates the three elements of leadership styles, ethical behaviors and job performance. The two leadership styles, transformational and transactional, are discussed and their relationship with performance is studied. Ethical behaviors that include deontology and teleological ethics are also examined. This article reviews how the leaders use these ethical values and form judgements. Therefore these ethical values play a mediating role in forming the relationship between leadership (independent variable) and employee performance (dependent variable). The measures used were the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire, Role-Based Performance Scale and Analysis of Moment Structure. A path analysis was performed and a variance-covariance matrix was used. The study has six hypotheses. Transformational leadership is positively associated with employees job performance (Soutar and Victor, 2005). Transactional leadership is positively associated with employees job performance (Soutar and Victor, 2005). Transformational leadership is positively associated with Deontological ethical approach (Soutar and Victor, 2005). Transactional leadership is positively associated with Teleological ethical approach (Soutar and Victor, 2005). Deontological ethical approach will mediate the relation between Transformational Leadership and employees job performance (Soutar and Victor, 2005). Teleological ethical approach will mediate the relation between Transactional Leadership and employees job performance (Soutar and Victor, 2005). The results of the study show that ethics are a defining element of leadership. Leaders must be ethically responsible and this ethical behavior is an important mediating factor between leadership styles and performance of the employees. Mahmmod A. Bodla and Hussain , Ghulam. 2010. Need for Leadership: Empirical Evidence from Pakistan. This study was conducted to focus on the moderating role of the need for leadership on the relationship between leadership and the subordinates outcomes or employees performance. Thus leadership and its characteristics are once again the independent variable, with subordinates outcomes and employees performance being the dependent variables. Need for leadership is the moderating variable between the two. The followers need for leadership is determined and based on that a particular leadership style is adopted, which results in required performance by the employees. Various leadership characteristics are defined and their relationship studies. A sample of banking officers was used from 550 different branches of banks and questionnaires were distributed for the collection of data. A statistical analysis was performed using the multiple regression. There was one main hypothesis of the stu dy; need for leadership will moderate the relationship between leadership characteristics and subordinates work outcomes (Bodla and Ghulam, 2010). The results show that need for leadership is important and it must be understood before implementing any leadership practices. On various grounds, the need for leadership has been considered as a substitute of the relationship between leadership and performance. Dr. Mohammed S. Chowdhury and Nurul A. Mohammed. 2000. Relative Importance of Employee Values, Attitudes and Leadership Behaviors in Employee Motivation. An Empirical Investigation. Employee motivation is one factor that influences the performance of the employees. That motivation is derived from various other factors. This study is therefore conducted to look at the importance that those factors such as values, attitudes and leadership behavior have in influencing employee work motivation and performance. Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation is defined and various styles of leadership are considered. Employee motivation is therefore the dependent variable and the independent variables are employee values, attitudes and leadership behavior. The data was collected through questionnaires constituting a sample of 140 employees. Statistical analysis was performed and a regression was run. Various techniques were used to measure the different variables. The study has four hypotheses. The gr eater the extent to which the key values are perceived to exist in the organization, the greater will be the employees intrinsic motivation (Chowdhury and Mohammed, 2000). The greater the extent to which key job attitudes are perceived to exist in the organizations, the greater will be the employees intrinsic motivation (Chowdhury and Mohammed, 2000). The greater the extent to which positive achievement motivation behavior of the leader is perceived to exist in the organization, the greater the job satisfaction and extrinsic motivation (Chowdhury and Mohammed, 2000).The greater the extent to which arbitrary and punitive behavior is perceived to exist in the organization, the greater the job dissatisfaction and de-motivation of the employees (Chowdhury and Mohammed, 2000). The study concludes that the values and attitudes of employees influence the intrinsic motivation of employees while leadership behavior affects the extrinsic motivation of employees. Cyril H. Ponnu and Tennakoon Girindra. 2009. The Association between Ethical Leadership and Employee Outcomes the Malaysian Case. This research was carried out in order to determine the association between ethical leadership behavior and employee outcomes. It has considered two basic outcomes, that of organizational commitment and trust in leaders. These factors eventually affect the work performance of the employees. The independent variable is the ethical leadership behavior whereas employee organizational commitment and employees trust in leaders are the dependent variables. A sample of 172 managerial employees was taken. The different measures used were the Ethical Leadership Scale, Organizational Commitment Questionnaire and the Trust Scale. A correlation analysis was done and the data was also analyzed using SPSS version 14.0. the study has two hypotheses. There is a significant relationship between ethical leadership behavior and employees organizational commitment (Ponnu and Girindra, 2009). Ethical leadership behavior is positively associated with employees trust in leaders (Ponnu and Girindra, 2009). The first hypothesis was held true. There was a significant and a medium positive relationship between the two variables. The second hypothesis was also held true as the two variables showed a strong positive relationship. Therefore, ethical leadership has a positive effect on both organizational commitment of employees and their trust in leaders. Hence, it can also be concluded that these employees will eventually perform better and work towards achieving the goals of the organization.

Did Temperament Shape Catharine Parr Traill and Susanna Moodie Attitude

Back in the 1830’s when it was unimaginable to journey for months to a foreign country so uncultivated; two naà ¯ve sisters did just that. The Backwoods of Canada is a straightforward, realistic account complied of letters written back home of Catharine Parr Traill’s first years in Canada. Roughing It in the Bush is a witty, autobiographical tale written by her younger sister, Susanna Moodie. Both sisters came to Canada with the similar expectations to improve their opportunity in the social ladder in society. My goal in this paper is to show how [t]heir attitude to becoming pioneers was shaped by their temperaments. Catharine’s attitude is one quiet acceptance and is reflected in her no-nonsense writing, whereas Susanna’s attitude first appears to have an edgier, less optimistic outlook on her new homeland, but she covers it up with a dry sense of humour in style and dialogue when reflecting on her Canadian experience. I will compare the sisters background briefly to show their temperament before coming to Canada. I will discuss how choices made shaped both the sisters initial success and failure to Upper Canada. Finally, I will compare the differences in the sisters attitudes and how it is reflected in both their books. Upon examination, we first must look at the sisters’ temperament and attitude towards life. Their attitude on life comes out in their writing and we can sense how they would perceive their new homeland, Canada in the 1832. Catharine, the elder by 23 months was considered to be the â€Å"sweet-tempered and placid, was her father’s favourite child,† and Susanna, the youngest, â€Å"was the impulsive and defiant [one], with a wicked sense of humour† (Gray, 17, 18). Both sisters’ traits are clearly exposed in their approach t... ...that was uncensored and realistic of her experiences as a rural pioneer with a farm. Catharine definitely had the easier time and it shows in her language with her matter-of-fact account that was written to help other women become successful pioneers (reference). After researching these two sisters, I realize that they both had fortitude beyond what I would be able to endure if I were in either of their shoes. Works Cited Parr Traill, Catharine. â€Å"The Backwoods of Canada.† An Anthology of Canadian Literature in English. 3rd ed. Ed.Donna Bennett, and Russell Brown. Don Mills, ON:Oxford, 2010, 102-108, Print. Moodie, Susanna. â€Å"Roughing It in the Bush.† An Anthology of Canadian Literature in English. 3rd ed. Ed.Donna Bennett, and Russell Brown. Don Mills, ON:Oxford, 2010, 102-108, Print. Gray, Charlotte. Sisters In The Wilderness. Toronto: Penguin, 1999. Print